Learning problems in children

Learning is the people and animals in the process of getting individual life experiences. We usually speak of \"learning\" refers to human learning. Student learning is a special form of human learning, is under the leadership of the teachers \' organizations, with purpose, planned and organized. Thus, students learn about all aspects of: teachers, students, families, and so have an impact on the process of learning and social environment. As far as the student is mainly learning ability, understanding of the knowledge, organization, storage and memory, and other aspects of comprehensive ability.

When the children\'s difficulties in access to knowledge, collectively known as the \"learning\", the reasons include teaching methods, learning method, interest, motivation, emotional disorders, adverse environmental conditions, poor intelligence.

Learning disability (1earning disability) (it was called \"learning disabilities\") is generally divided into two classes: one for General incompetence, that is, due to mental retardation; specificity means learning not second class (Special 1earning disability), refers to the intelligence of normal or near normal children in learning achievement and one or more of its intelligence that can be expected compared to the achievement of significant backward. Mainly in listening, speaking, reading, writing, thinking, pinyin, math abilities such as aspects. At present a unified view was the \"speciality study cannot\" as a \"learning disability\" theory, therefore, universal incompetence is excluded, this chapter is not to repeat. But \"learning disability\" application of the term seem to have inadequacies, \"specific learning disability\" word seems to be closer to the actual, worthy of discussion in the future.

[Etiology] cause has not been completely clear, may be associated with the following factors.

(A) the cerebral dysfunction according to modern research, special learning cannot be caused by congenital anomalies on the brain development. In addition, some patients of a family.

1. Genetic factors in children\'s personality, intelligence is genetic influence, some learning not with familial tendency. In addition, some chromosomal disorders, genetic metabolic disease and learning not related. For example some Ducheme muscular dystrophy and XXX and XXY Syndrome Syndrome, although IQ greater than 70, but usually with speech disorders, especially reading and spelling features; Turner syndrome in children with normal intelligence, but the action of low IQ, draw people around tests, mathematical calculations, resolution more difficult.

2. With chronic hypoxia in fetal blood during pregnancy, intrauterine growth retardation, bleeding prior to delivery, when pregnancy toxaemia, when children grow up may be related to their hyperactivity, learning disabilities, attention, Visual-spatial barriers, and so on. Infection during pregnancy, physical and chemical factors of, in particular addiction to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs can lead to children with learning disability.

3. When the disease early in children suffering from malnutrition, may give rise to recognition and attention deficiency, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia can make children\'s learning performance, memory, motor function, and Visual-spatial ability and hand-eye coordination, and other obstacles.

(B) drug Barbiturates, tricyclic antidepressants, Theophylline, phenytoin sodium, stable, and sleep better, and so on can cause hyperactivity. Commonly used food additives and colorants liquor Shihuang even can cause hyperactivity. Passive smoking considered hyperactivity, underachiever and a cause of some physical problems.

(C) parents and school psychological factors on children\'s ambitious or conflict can cause psychological conflict in children. On children\'s learning of tension, fear of failure, and completion of forced sexual desire can make children psychological anxiety, tension, block, not interested. Various attempts at psychological factors can damage children\'s active learning, the impact of the selective attention, memory and cognitive activities, thereby incurring learning problem.

(D) the indifference parents on children\'s learning environment factors; or because of poor academic achievement for the time being subject to discrimination, scolding; or gender discrimination or parental alcoholism, family friction, parents divorced; or other bad example of parents and so on can cause hyperactivity in children, attention is not focused, depression and lack of security. Parents \' education levels and methods of education for their children is also directly affects children\'s mental state. Above factors influence the learning potential of children playing, resulting in a learning problem.

[Clinical] this is a common problem of school-age children, the incidence rate of 5% per cent, to 2-3 disease rate in primary school the highest, boys more than girls (6-10:1).

Special learning cannot, according to United States Department of education and the definition of the main means of public law children about understanding or application languages (spoken or written text) have one or more basic psychological disorder, which can be expressed in the listening, thinking, telling, reading, writing, lack of phonetic and mathematical calculus of ability. Thus learning cannot be the basic types are: ① the language difficulties (listening, speaking difficulties); â \' language difficulties (reading and writing difficulties); ⑧ mathematics learning difficulties ④ reasoning difficult (and general difficulty of thinking). Not including sight, hearing or motor impairment, mental retardation, emotional disturbance, or learning problems caused by environment.

There are one or more of the following major defects in children with learning cannot.

(A) of dyslexia (dyslexia) dyslexia and special reading cannot be (specific reading disabi1ity), developmental reading disorder (developmental reading disorder) meaning of the terms are basically the same. But to ordinary reading backward (General reading backwardness) phase difference, which have long-term understanding defects, and accompanied by movement, language and other delays. Reading ability significantly behind in different age children, no gender difference, its parent average

IQ is often low, poor socio-economic conditions of the family. Children with special reading cannot be, usually have socio-economic problems, apart from occasionally unclear pronunciation, slow moving or language development in General, boys (ratio of men and women as 4:1), Western countries than Japan more than 10 times, English-speaking countries see higher than the Latin-speaking country.

Such children to write slow, writing often twist the body, distort faces and tongue sticking out. Distance between letters is too large or too small, often fill down phenomenon of the letters (\"p\" written as \"b\").

(B) the difficult spelling (spelling difficulty) spelling difficulties not always live with dyslexia, and developmental delay, attention deficit, audio and Visual barriers, and so on. Spelling difficulties may last lifelong.

(C) difficulty learning mathematics is mathematics grades and his intelligence level can reach compared to the achievement of significant backward. Mainly in the basic math skills, principles, methods, and math ability, mathematical applications that appear in real life problems.

(D) reasoning difficult mainly for thinking and general lack of capacity.

In addition to the above performance, there are following performance or defects in children with learning disability. Defects or to become a learning on these features cannot be one of the reasons why; some of the results of the study cannot.

1. Visual-space obstacles has Visual-space obstacles of children, because lack accurate of perception distinguished ability, cause often cannot in some background Shang recognition Word or graphics, cannot identification a Word is reverse or turned, as on \"Shang\" and \"Xia\", \"6\" and \"9\", \"b\" and \"d\", of resolution has difficulties; on similar of Word difficult to difference, cannot correct difference pen is zoned of length, and how many, as \"days\" and \"husband\", \"methyl\" and \"field\", \"large\" and \"too\",; some on writing of Word of location order understanding difficulties, as cannot difference \"I playing he\" and \"he playing I\"; some lack space directed ability, min does not sliding left and right. Because of the Visual. Spatial barriers, making it the reading difficulty of relying on the Visual discrimination.

2. Auditory dysfunction in children with normal hearing, but there is often a number or hearing defects, such as memory and sound mixing, sound/resolution resulting in a reading of a sound or not. Failure to distinguish between \"soldier\" and \"tailor\"; no difference. Similar consonant or vowel: for longer than 5-6 words of the sentence cannot be repeated, often say some nonsense \"word\".

3. Perception perceptual conversion conversion disorders have an important role in the learning process, such as dictation will need to convert auditory stimuli for Visual image. If functional deficiencies can also cause this study cannot.

4. Hyperactivity in children with sexual behaviour and attention this is learning not often associated with impairment of behaviour. For ADHD, there is no exact definition. It is suggested that hyperactivity is the standard of: in places such as the need to maintain order in the classroom or on a table, make a disorderly behavior. But the difficulty is very difficult to draw a boundary between normal and abnormal. In addition, not all children with hyperactivity; on the contrary, not all children with ADHD have learning cannot. Both of these situations can exist independently, can also coexist and interact.

Attention is the impairment of learning and not another. Because the class understand, have no interest in learning more and more, so little tricks sympodial, attention is not focused, resulting in grades worse.

5. Fine motor disorder of some children have fine motor disorder, characterized by poor writing and painting, awkward, shoes of bad, bad buckle button and so on. Its like hyperactivity, no precise boundaries between normal and abnormal, only relatively speaking.

6. There are many other children with emotional disorders (impulses, solitary nodules, etc), social maladjustment, etc. Or double handedness and left-handed hand instead of the usual children to see.

\"Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of\" first of all, according to history, various checks whether the judgement is a learning disability, and then determine its nature.

(A) history apart from changes in learning itself, is to understand the past history of diseases, history of mother\'s pregnancy, maternity and pediatric medicine application history, and so on. And to understanding entrance age, teaching and learning of conditions and method, parents culture background and the learning situation, family members reading habits, and work nature and the interest, parents on children of attitude, children of character, and behavior, and interest and the learning of purpose, children of development status (especially language development),, to distinction particularity learning cannot and intelligence slow, and emotional disorder, and environment factors, caused of learning problem.

(Ii) examination in General on the basis of medical examinations and checks of the nervous system, attention should be paid to sight, hearing, articulation, right or left-handed benefit, some nervous system \"soft signs in\" check and Brain Electrophysiology, head if condition x ray examination and related endocrine screening.

Psychological testing, language and speech tests have an important significance in the diagnosis of learning disability. Currently there is no psychological test method in study, according to children with basic skills such as reading, writing and calculation of an initial judgment.

1. General intelligence test most commonly used is WISC-R, in children with learning disability, IQ should be less than 70 (if less than 70 points for the intelligent universal learning cannot be caused by low). Some of these test items can be used for reasoning and analytical judgment and the ability of Visual-spatial can exercise judgment.

2. Learning achievement tests in children with learning disability the overall intellectual level normal and poor academic performance (in particular, reading, writing and calculation). Through the understanding of learning achievements, judging the following four main areas of functionality.

(1) language and reading ability: judgement available reading methods. Let children read out loud a article (their reading thoughts or check in children with reading a sentence followed the method of reading a sentence), or to talk with children, ask questions

Answering method.

(2) Visual-spatial ability: can use calculations, drawing, shape test, size, depth and judged the distance between two objects, and write, read, read, and other methods may be used.

(3) analysis capabilities: available calculations and understanding of reading, a glossary, and similar test judgement method.

(4) planning and execution of the campaign: writing, maze tests may better reflect the capacity in this regard.

3. Other tests to check the language ability, you can check whether it has aphasia and dysarthria. Perceived movement tests (such as beating the tests, such as screw-plate test), complete set of psychological tests and other judgments in favour of on brain function.

Given there is no diagnostic criteria for learning does not, the following section is for reference only.

1. Intelligence check result normal, IQ>70.

2. With other children with equal learning opportunities, not deprived of learning opportunities for children.

3. Children\'s academic performance in one or more and there were serious differences between their intelligence level, troubleshooting outside the influence of age and previous education and experience, currently decline to below the expected achievements of the child 50%.

4. Its achievements compared with their level of intelligence and low two-year (or 30 months). In view of the country there is no uniform measurement of academic achievement, loose minute jackets used was grade exam results (results in the area of unified consideration usually fail, and confirmed by systematic observation of competent teachers grades lower than their level of intelligence in children 30 months).

5. By the clinical examination to exclude organic disease of the central nervous system and mental disorders (such as children with schizophrenia, depression, etc) the cause of learning difficulties; nor does it include due to sight, sound and movement disorders, emotional disorders or learning problems caused by environment.

If he has 3 or 4 can be considered a plus in other diagnosis.

When the diagnosis of learning not established, further confirm the nature of the study cannot (difficulties such as dyslexia, mathematics calculus), and see which features are flaws (such as functional defect of Visual-spatial movements, analysis of low ability, and so on), to guide treatment. If possible, seek their pathogenic causes.

This disorder is identification with the following symptoms:

(A) mental retardation General history to know, intelligence test (IQ < 70 = you can make a diagnosis.

(B) hyperactivity syndrome with hyperactivity in children usually learn not one of the symptoms, which can be aggravated further decline in academic achievement. Children\'s hyperactivity syndrome in children with normal intelligence, academic achievement may be bad. They need to identify the two. According to academic performance in children with, order of symptoms, mental stimulants (if necessary) on attention and academic performance improvements make identification. There may be times when two diseases co-exist, should at the same time diagnosis and treatment.

(C) children\'s behavior, emotions, environment cause learning problems primarily on the basis of adverse medical history, symptoms and psychological tests, treatment (such as the Tricyclic Antidepressant in children with depression, adverse environmental improvement of the environment, etc) make differential response.

[Control] not for studying treatment, often difficult, bear fruit slowly. After some development and maturation of the child, symptoms may go away, while others can never be eliminated, most still have persistent spelling difficulties.

Used mainly on special education, for a variety of specialized training. For people with Visual-spatial dysfunction, may give similar graphics make it recognize or copying, from Jane to breeding practice. For the auditory resolution difficulties, may be accorded by Jane to the propagation system of pitch, rhythm, and other training. For the language difficulties, by the word to the clause, step by step training. For fine motor clumsy, from simple to complex motor skills training should be given.

For significant learning problems caused by psychological factors, environment, and so can be used by environmental adjustment Advisory and supportive psychotherapy, education, and so on.

In addition, the operation method of treatment, biological feedback behavior therapy can also be used.

At the time of treatment education, the general approach is to begin as soon as possible, created conditions of individual (that is, according to the problems of children themselves to specific method of targeted education and training). Training carried out in step (that is, the education programme is divided into several smaller units, to easily learn and enhance the confidence of children), not tanduo fast. In training to properly use during operation method of treatment.

On treatment of children with learning disability to patience, teachers, parents and doctors should maintain close cooperation, common implementation of the education plan, persistence. To explain to parents, drugs to learn cannot itself is invalid, only on the accompanying may consider other issues related to drug treatment.

Prevention should be aware of the following several points:

1. During pregnancy and childbirth, avoiding all adverse factors can cause brain damage in children.

2. For infants and young children to strengthen the system health, prevention and treatment of diseases, to ensure that the spirit of normal physical development.

3. The education of children, in particular, early education, is important to note that education, individualized, educational content and methods to be suitable for children of age characteristics, otherwise easily dampen its enthusiasm, will cause learning problems.

4. Eliminate all the psychological factors and environmental factors contributing to learning problems, application of certain drugs may move up to move and some physical problems.



Transfers from the 39 health network