China main founders of modern rice science--Ding Ying

Ding ying, renowned agricultural scientist, educator, rice expert, founder of Chinese modern rice science major. 1926 he in Guangzhou eastern suburbs found wild rice, then demonstration has in China is cultivation rice of origin one; first to rice Division for Indica japonica two a subspecies, and application ecology views, by Indica-japonica, and late-early, and water-land, and viscosity-waxy of levels on cultivation varieties for classification; for production Shang cultivation many a fine varieties, on improve yield and quality made has contribution. In his later years presided over the ecological studies of rice, editor-in-Chief of the rice cultivation in China; after served as President of the Chinese Academy of agricultural sciences, led scientists and technicians to the rice field trips each year, sum up experience, the development of rice production in China and work with might and main science and technology , dedication, and are subject of the Chinese people respect agricultural scientists.

Ding ying, bamboo, June Ying-ming, born in Gaozhou County in Guangdong Province in November 25, 1888 (formerly Maoming County) chicken village master Xie Tong village of an ordinary peasant family. Father Ding Lintai was suffering for the poor is not the source of culture, determined to borrow send children to school. To this end, the first scholar Ding Ying into the small house. 1906 Ding Ying from old-style private school children\'s enlightenment school admitted to the county seat of \"Western School\"--gaozhou middle school. After school, he participated in the \"high society\", has been talking about current politics from time to time, determined to \"nation by science\". After graduation from high school, he followed with \"farmers and modern science to make eating endless hardship linked\" to the students, said: \"ladies and gentlemen! Bloody youth of today, when the farmer due diligence best of food and clothing, I determined to sit for agriculture. \"He is studyi

ng in higher normal school in Guangdong Museum a year will pass with distinction at public expense to study Japan. First matriculation in colleges and universities to learn Japanese in Tokyo, in September 1912 in June 1914 was once home, and in September after obtaining Japan Kumamoto University v continue to learn. In 1919, graduation, comes as China set off \"Wusi\" movement, Tokyo students to student street demonstrations of solidarity with the homeland from Japan military\'s bloody suppression, while angry, does not think long, combined with the family at that time constraints, decided to drop out and return home. Has taught in gaozhou middle school, gaozhou agricultural college, then transfer the Guangdong Provincial inspectors.

Since then, given the disgust of officialdom corruption, are difficult to achieve without studies \"scientific nation\" of aspiration, in April 1921 to third went to Japan, entering Tokyo Imperial University Department of Agronomy degree in agronomy, becoming the first Chinese students to study of rice. In 1924 a Bachelor, was 36 years old when. In order to go abroad for further study, he struggled before and after 11 years.

After returning home, Ding Ying Guangdong College of agricultural sciences of the University (predecessor of the agricultural college of Zhongshan University) and Professor. He in teaching of while, actively carried out rice irrigation and absorption fertilizer law of research, and on Guangdong food production problem do has many investigation, writes improved Guangdong rice for plan book under and famine method plan book under, recommendations Government annual dial out 1% of ocean m import duties as rice for research funding , but these full sincere students of heart of various consider are for like a stone dropped [sank] into the sea-no echo no landing. Facing difficulties, he was determined based on reality, with \"ants crawling way harder to 150\". In 1927 he took out his part of the scarcity of wage savi

ngs of supplementary funding, residence of polder construction in Maoming County the first rice cultivation in professional research organization in China--South rice breeding field. Then with \"selling grass\" pre-varieties and other solutions to the financial difficulties, has also introduced the shipai test total of rice field and Humen (Sha Tin), the Dongjiang (Mei), the North River (Qujiang) experimental farm, breeding to fine rice, improving cultivation techniques , contribute to the development of food production in South China. In 1938, the Japanese army invaded Guangzhou, their research bases except South of over-the-counter, have been disasters, some of my colleagues were killed. Sun Yat-sen University westward to Yunnan, Ding Ying risked their lives to rush to transport rice and sweet potato seedling. Later the school moved from Yunnan to Northern Guangdong Ping Shek, after the war, then moved back to Guangzhou. Eight-year war, Sany School of Zhongshan University, the displaced, sapped. People\'s Republic of China established the eve school brewing again when the relocation to Hainan Island, Ding Ying to uphold the cause of education and State property has decided to join the ranks of the underground leadership of nursing school, oppose the relocation , and regardless of the background security stepped in to bail students arrested for this.

People\'s Republic of China after the establishment, Ding Ying trust, care and attention by the party and the Government, was appointed Dean of school of Sun Yat-sen University, Member of the Council of agriculture, and was elected Deputy Chairman of the Guangdong province\'s political consultative conference. South China branch of the Central Committee at the time under difficult financial conditions, allocated special funds to support rice experiment fields back to work, this is a great encouragement to him. He in addition to his work round the clock, and active solidarity of intellectuals, persuade the outflow of Ho

ng Kong and Macao personnel and students back in the motherland\'s Socialist construction. To learn more about and learning of science and technology in the Soviet Union, he, together with the young teachers to attend workshops in Russian, and painstaking study of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Ze-Dong\'s theory works under the practice, the theory of contradiction , to constantly raise the level of their own political thinking. In 1956, glorious took part in the Communist Party when he was 67 years old. 1957 Ding ying as President of the Chinese Academy of agricultural sciences first, and the President of South China agricultural college. In 1963 he was 75 years old, personally led the investigation area in the Northwest, from Zhangjiakou to Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, and other places. Because traveling great distances, return is breakdown, wasting away. Comrades are worried about his health, advised him to seek medical treatment, but he still works. Thereafter, due to the decision, he is helpless with big box of books and reference materials, to Wuxi Taihu \"convalescence\" 37 days (convalescence period of 3 months). Subsequently, the study on the knowledge of the members went to Nanjing high yield rice experimental plots of the national model worker Chen Yong-Kang, went on to endure the hardships of a long journey back to Beijing, he worked in Shanghai\'s daughter wants to see a also were unsuccessful. After returning to Beijing, without making any cases of disease test results in hospital, and immediately went to Shandong investigation of rice. At that time, his condition deteriorated rapidly, with a pillow live liver pain site, wet, persist in Jinan inspection reports are done. Only after were nursing back to Beijing from the Jinan medicalHomes. Confirmed for advanced liver cancer, died in hospital only 20 days.

Ding Ying subject to successive duties mentioned above, is also bio-Academy, CAs, Vice Chairman of the China Association, re

presentatives of the national people\'s Congress diyi、er、sanjie, Vice Chairman of the Guangdong people\'s political consultative conference diyi、er、sanjie. He has on behalf of the State to the Soviet Union, GDR, Czechoslovakia, trips and academic exchanges to countries such as Myanmar. In 1957 he took charge, Suzhou and Wuhan science and technology of rice meeting 3 State scholar 1964 attended the Beijing Symposium. He was employed as a GDR Academy of agricultural sciences of Berlin, all Su Liening agricultural Academy of Sciences, academician, Czechoslovak Academy of agricultural sciences honorary fellowship. Ding Ying famous domestic and abroad, \"father of Chinese rice cultivation,\" said.

Demonstration of cultivated rice in China originated in China

Rice culture in China has a long history and is well known, but rice originated when? Faxiang to where? Before Ding ying is controversial, no consensus. 1884 Switzerland · De Candolle (Candolle) thought that the common origin of cultivated rice in China to Bangladesh area; the Soviet h · и Vavilov (Ba в и л о b) advocated India origin; 1944 empty in the UNO Park horse in rice of instrument in mind to believe that Chinese rice originated in India. This not only involves rice theories such as evolution, dissemination, system development problems, but also to the problems of rice culture in China. Yizong excavated from Ding Ying according to historical records and, from history, anthropology, linguistics, paleontology, botany of Indica and japonica rice, as well as geographical distribution and other aspects of a system of investigation, demonstration rice originated in China more than 3,000 years BC the first era of Shennong , extended in the era of Yellow Emperor yuyuji of the 26-22 century BC. Foundation for rice cultivation in the Zhou dynasty between the years 1122-274 BC. From Shang dynasty coinage on the rice becomes Tao, Tu, Dau, finds it and this southern Fuk old language Deu, Viet Nam language Gao, Th

ailand Kao of the language-related, while the Pad with the Malay language Department, India Vrihi-independent of the language. Ancient Chinese Xia Yin Baiyue ethnic and summer family, throughout prehistoric times has been distributed this morning in China, Chinese rice impossible from India. From the botanical analysis, has been found to date in China for three wild rice: common wild rice (O. ｓａｔｉｖａＬ． ｆ． ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅａ）． Officinalis (O. Officinalis) and warts grain wild rice (O. ｍｅｙｅｒｉａｎａＢａｉｌｌ）。 Perennial wild rice and cultivated rice seed setting rate and characteristics similar to, that is the ancestor of cultivated rice in China. This wild rice is widely distributed in Yunnan, Guangxi and Taiwan provinces (autonomous regions) of river and swamp areas. Therefore of the view that China\'s rice culture has its independent evolution of the system. Ding Ying also based on the language of ancient human migrations and rice, transmission made cultivation of rice: first, from China to Southeast Asia and Japan and other places; the second is from India through Iran into Ba Bilun, then spread to European and American countries; and third Australian national (Austronisian) from the Mainland to Southeast Asia. In his view, the rice originated in China not only of wild rice in China, and is one of the world rice communications center. Ding Ying such academic opinion, now has been consensus for an increasing number of scholars.

Made two cultivated rice germplasm of Indica and japonica subspecies and cultivar classification system

Ding Ying on the evolution and classification of cultivated rice in China have excellent research and originality of views. In 1928, Japan jiatengmaofan based on the morphology, hybrid rice seed setting rate and serum reactions, cultivation of rice is divided into two large groups, respectively designated as India-subspecies (O. ＳａｔｉｖａＬ． Ｓｕｂｓｐ． Indica Kato), and Japan-subspecies (O. ＳａｔｉｖａＬ． Ｓｕｂｓｐ． Japonica Kato), that is, for the Japanese

subspecies of Japonica rice, light up the rice for the Indian subspecies. This classification is ignored in China more than 2000 years ago the existing classification and denomination, also does not reflect a combination of phylogenetic relationship and its geographic evolution of forms or processes under the climatic and environmental conditions. Such as ad 121 in Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu Shen 秈 (Lian and the indica) as \"rice of non-stick\" japonica (Jing, and japonica) is \"rice sticking\" of the genus. In order to properly reflect the relationship of Indica and japonica, geographical distribution and the evolution of the origin, Ding Yingte named the Indica subspecies Indica (O. Ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ． ｓｕｂｓｐ． Hsien Ting), named the japonica subspecies of Japonica rice (O. ＳａｔｉｖａＬ． ｓｕｂｓｐ． ｋｅｎｇ Ｔｉｎｇ）。 Apparently only one letter difference, but its scientific content is very different, which has attracted the attention of great scholars at home and abroad. Later, according to some scholars of the Soviet Union for japonica rice China Japan; Japan angle tianzhongsanlang said \"India\" subspecies \"indica Kato,hsien Ting\", \"Japan\" subspecies \"japonica Kato,keng Ting\"; Te-Tzu Chang, the variety resources of the International Rice Research Institute (t. Ｔ． Chang) is said to \"Japan\" subspecies for the Chinese subspecies (Sinica).

Classification method for rice, Ding Ying stresses the need in line with actual production, conducive to the breeding and cultivation of application. For example, the reflected light of eco-climate, negative resistance, cold resistance, heat resistance characteristics; reflect the biological balance of characteristics such as disease resistance, insect; reflect physiological and ecological characteristics of seedlings, plant, Spike, grains and other morphological characteristics and close to the breeding and cultivation measures, should be classified as sorting criteria. Therefore, he made has to in China cultivation rice system development process for Foundation o

f five level classification: first level for glaze japonica subspecies, glaze subspecies for basic type, japonica subspecies for variation type; second level for late quarter rice and early, and in the quarter rice of climate ecological type, late quarter rice for basic type, early, and in the quarter rice for variation type; third level for water, and upland rice to soil ecological type, rice for basic type, upland rice for variation type; fourth level for viscosity, and glutinous rice of starch nature variability, viscosity for basic type, waxy for variation type; fifth level for varieties of cultivation characteristics and form features. DLee collected over more than 6,000 cultivars are classified research, and save them down, for future breeding work provides a wealth of original material. The first dwarf variety \"square short\" bred is the use of the preserved farmhouse variety \"short stick\" dwarf gene.

Ding ying is the conservation of rice germplasm classification of germplasm resources of creative and far-reaching significance.

Divide rice regions in China

Division of rice cultivation on rice production and scientific research are important in guiding. Predecessors this century to this exploration has 20 (week pick Lu, 1928; Zhao Lianfang, 1947), but based on the classification of different and somewhat South of the Yangtze River region, do not reflect the national rice region in its entirety. Has given this, Ding Ying from plant geographic distribution and environment conditions phase unified of ecology views start, to light, and temperature, and rain, and wet, climate factor for Foundation, to varieties type for flag, combination soil factor, disease insect, biological factor and planting system , and farming method, human factors for comprehensive research, to National Division for 6 large rice for with: ① South China double quarter rice for with; ② central China single double quarter rice for with; ③ North single quarter rice for with;

④ Northeast early rice for with; ⑤ Northwest drying rice for with; ⑥ Southwest plateau rice for with. This Division and relatively realistic; on development of China\'s guiding role of rice production and organization of the national scientific research. Ding Ying special national total rice yield at that time accounted for only 0. 3% with rice cultivation in Northwest dry region designated as a, and noted that the band have less rainfall, light feet, large temperature difference between day and night, pest little, easy characteristics of high and stable yield of rice, with the improvement of irrigation conditions , strong yield potential. Now xinjiangkenqu of rice yield levels over central China, the South China region.

Promote area selection method, and create a study on utilization of wild rice

Ding ying was one of the earliest pioneer of rice breeding in China. He attached great importance to the use of local varieties, that farmers in long-term practice of trained local varieties are a valuable asset of the motherland; on some of their properties be renovation, is the improvement of existing varieties or breeding a new variety of the most realistic and effective way. He in rice pure Department breeding of theory and implementation under (1936), rice pure Department breeding method of discussion under (1944), article in the made rice varieties more type sexual theory, is who in a area long-term cultivation of local varieties , its groups inevitable exists accounted for half above, and can representative the varieties of yield, and quality and other characteristics level of individual--basic type, to guarantee varieties groups of species sexual. Based on this view, when he engaged in the local variety of breeding system, creatively put forward their \"selection\" approach taken in the selection process methods of cultivation and management of farm usage, to the original seed of local varieties to controlled , production identification with community plant

ing method; breeding of varieties, finally sent back to trial demonstration or similar areas of origin. He and his colleagues used this law has improved many varieties in the area of origin. A wide range of plant \"white waxy 16 Valley\", \"black du 4th\", \"Dongguan white 18\", \"Nantes 16\", \"align the eyebrow, 6th\", \"bamboo 1th\", more than 68.

Ding Ying also created a precedent on distant hybridization breeding of wild rice and cultivated rice. In 1933 he from perennial common wild rice with bamboo stick natural hybrids breeding in the \"Zhongshan 1th\" variety. \"Sun Yat-Sen, 1th\" strong resistance, wide adaptability, had grown in southern China for half a century. Ding Ying also India wild rice (wildkargea) and cultivated cross-bred \"silver print 20\", \"East India-1th\" \"Siam black 7th\" and other varieties. He is 1931-1933 years in the study of wild rice, anther no crack is found, and the phenomenon of male sterility of pollen development of incomplete, is the first report of study on male sterility of rice in China.

Founder of science of rice cultivation in China

Ding Ying believes that crop cultivation of study to master the three laws, namely crop growth and development of their own, and crop growth and development-related changes in environmental conditions of growth and development and the relationship between environmental conditions and crop patterns. Improvement of rice yield increasing ways is ultimately a caste and improve environmental conditions, to coordinate the relationship between species and environmental conditions. He study on rice irrigation water (1929), fat absorption characteristics (1932), flowering habit, yield related (1936) and other problems, in 1955-1959, close related and yield formation of rice tillering dynamics and young spike development and grain full process for in-depth study. Results on the one hand from a number of technical measures and Spike, the number of particles, on the grain weight in relation to ide

ntify some common results, for artificial control seedlings, plant, sui, theoretical basis for the grain yield goals implementation plan; also according to the growth and development of rice in to examine the rationality of technical measures in the process, provide the scientific method for summing up the masses of experience. The development of agricultural production, scientific research and education would benefit both.

Ding Ying under both water and rice demand \"dry\" feature, and the turn of the flood and drought on rice field soil physical, chemical and microbial activities in promoting, pointed out that implementation of upland rotation, \"Tin Tin\", \"little fat fat\" is an important way to high and stable yield of rice in the future.

Ding Ying cycle of rice seeding test conducted for many years, this work deepens his study on the cultivation of rice varieties from viewpoint of ecology perspective. He later chaired the \"study on the characteristics of rice varieties in China light, temperature\" is an ambitious research project. He organized 12 cooperation unit, selection of rice varieties in regional representative 157, in 8 provinces (autonomous regions) took 3 years of the 10 pilot experiments, made the unprecedented vast scientific data, and some of the information into special papers in scientific seminars presented in Beijing in 1964. It is unfortunate, Ding Ying also too late to conduct a comprehensive summary of the study, would have to abandon the world. Legacy of the work done by later generations. This study validates Ding Ying on rice germplasm in China

Source, evolution, rice region Division and classification of academic opinion is realistic, and added a variety of light and temperature on the category reactive relationship between maturity and, is divided into 14 national varieties of rice photo-Thermo-response type, for the introduction of regional principles , breeding objectives and the use of some special varieties, made a specific scientific basis.

Ding Ying engaged in rice cultivation education in more than 40 years of scientific research, agriculture, works more than 140 articles published in national and international papers, in which the origin and evolution of rice cultivation in China, and the study of characteristics of optical temperature reaction of rice varieties in China , the rice tillering and panicle development of research by the 1978 National Science Conference Awards. He organized the national famous rice scientists 55 people, prepared by the Chair of the science of rice cultivation in China (1961) was a better reflect the contemporary level of rice cultivation in China\'s Magnum Opus, is he committed to the support and dedication , to carry out general cooperation in the subject of collective wisdom.

His Office agricultural education, advocating production combination of theory with practice and teaching and research, to cultivate a large number of different levels of teachers and technology professionals. He respect and cherish talent, meritocracy. South China agricultural college by the agricultural college of Zhongshan University and Lingnan University College of agriculture and the agricultural college of Guangxi University (partial) form. Under his leadership, the three school teachers and students all is common, harmonious coexistence, stability of teaching staff, teaching quality improving year by year. Successful example of this is his enthusiasm for mobilization of intellectuals, also make peer junior deeply appealing. \"Agricultural, loving farm, farming,\" Ding ying is often on the education of teachers and students for a famous saying, his personal motto. His deeds, to young students consolidate professional thought, establish a grassroots, plain living, practical working style of play a subtle role.

Wholehearted devotion to public duty, model for rigorous scholarly research

Influence of Ding Ying by the deeds of past heroes, national pride

, self-confidence, love for the country, work selflessly for the public interest in his early years are a relatively solid foundation. People\'s Republic of China after the establishment, under the CPC\'s education, classconsciousness increasing, mass viewpoint reinforced, selfless dedication further promoted. Old days high office and Peerage can shake his love for determination. Difficulties in the work, he never discouraged, and defiance, make unremitting efforts. In the course of South China agricultural college, Secretary of CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee taozhu often visit to his home, seek advice from the agricultural production development in Guangdong, saw his life simple, proposed to build a new House for him , in order to improve working and living conditions, he firmly declined. Before liberation his daughter want to get into public school to reduce the burden on families, the principal of the school was his student, but he was not promised to write introduction. Another daughter to sit after the founding of South China agricultural college, taken on difference 2 is not a bar, he insisted on equal footing, no special care. After the outbreak of the Korean war, he sent his two daughters to join the army.

Ding Ying consistent life simple, diligence and thrift. During the war with high nutritive value of red rice and radish rich vitamin content, which taught children to lead a life of tea light meals. Whenever the lost colony grain of rice on the table, he becomes their \"who knows the dinner table, grains are hard\" topic of education. He public property have become used, in experiments to find leaving a sickle, a hemp rope is sent to pick up each warehouse, even some old paper, envelope, to pick up again. During the relocation to the North, Zhongshan University, he was the President of the agricultural college, often with a thick Briefcase from the agricultural college and school between this part of the mountain. A highway robbery by bandits, the Gu

angdong Provincial Government for compensation for his losses, he left nothing, such as number to the agricultural college to buy veterinary drugs as farmers \' control of rinderpest. His clean style and for the benefit of farmers and noble character, gangster has moved, conscious clothing accompanied by robbery apology letter back to him. In 1948, the younger generation set to buy a Pocket Watch and a fountain-pen wish him 60 birthday, he had been using to died in 1964, becoming his precious relics.

His concern for others than himself. Whenever a colleague sick or encounter difficulties, he would find time to visit, prefer their own clothing, to help finance a free medicine. For visiting guests, regardless of rank, he stood up TRANSFERS, warm reception. He loves children of students, always induced by zhunzhun, instruct with reasons, guide people with feelings. One long Taiwan old students, due to missed participating in teacher Ding 100 anniversary of the birth to the General Assembly, was regrettable, has led after three generations of all ages, walking stick, made a special trip back to the Alma Mater statue to Ding Ying presented a bouquet of flowers , and pay tribute to the three bows.

Ding Ying meticulous, careful, to insist that an article is responsible for science and production, more despised the article as a means to pursue fame and prestige. He wrote articles have to be careful, hash. \"The origin and evolution of cultivated rice in China\" article, since 1926 he discovered wild rice in Guangzhou that began to think and be consulted on the date of the taxonomy of history, philology, anthropology, and other expert advice, not finalized until 1957. \"Agricultural science in the service of agricultural production\" article is after 10 of the revised delivery even proofread work he does not use the hand of..

In flamboyant rife in the era of the great leap forward, he doesn\'t need stay afloat \"highly close planting high-yielding\" was deepl

y concerns, considered an acre, for a few minutes of exploration is allowed, and large areas have seriously considered. He earnestly pointed out that, not to forget the farmers \' land is attached to the belly. He often the younger generation, to scientific achievements, must be realistic and go deep into reality and learn first-hand information. In 1963 he was 75 years old, during his inspection of rice area in the Northwest, still ignoring the elderly and frail; be, adhere to the Barefoot fields, observe snow water irrigation on the growth effect of daogen. A closer look, ask, remember is his usual style.

Ding Ying\'s writings and academic arguments, can withstand the test of practice, and history, and his rigorous scholarly research and actual conditions is inseparable of the style. Loyal to the dedication of the people, is the source power of his career achievements made; seeking truth from facts, rigorous academic style, is a guarantee of his scientific results

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Ding Ying Rong traditional virtues of the Chinese nation and good style of study in one of the scientists and the Chinese people\'s outstanding agricultural scientist and educator. In order to inherit and develop his academic achievements and noble character, at a time when he\'s 100 anniversary, cast and South China Agricultural University, China Academy of agricultural sciences held a memorial meeting and Symposium on Ding ying, respectively. Approved by the superior Ding Ying Science Foundation was established in South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Association for science and technology with the scientist\'s name for the first time set up a \"Ding Ying technology award\" building of South China Agricultural University \"Professor Ding Ying Memorial room\" and Ding Ying statue , so as to encourage younger generation and climb the peak, make more contribution to agriculture and construction of socialist modernization of the motherland.