In areas with a devastating earthquake, from earthquakes to collapsed buildings, generally there are a dozen seconds of time, as individuals, should calmly made safe-haven of choice in an instant and personal protection, actively taken effective self-help measures of sth
First, the principles: withdrawal as soon as possible to a safe place
Earthquake near escape when, after the earthquake quickly evacuated to a safe place is better methods of emergency protection.
So-called nearest away, is the local conditions made under different circumstances of different countermeasures.
Second, the guidance: what about when the earthquake
School personnel
In schools, need most are school leaders and teachers during the earthquake of calm and decisive. Areas with long-term earthquake prediction, usually in connection with the activities to the students about knowledge of earthquakes and the, shock absorbers. Before earthquake to arrange student transfer, evacuation routes and sites; calmly directing students to evacuate in an orderly manner after earthquakes. In a relatively strong, safe houses, you can hide from under the desk, podium, teaching students in building next to the small Bay, pipe support rooms, must not let the students run or jump.
Walking in the street
Earthquake occurs Shi, senior building of glass debris and building outside side concrete fragments, and and advertising signs, tinplate Board, and neon red light frame,, may fell injury people, therefore in street walking, best will side of bags or soft of articles top in head Shang, no articles Shi also available hand nursing in head Shang, as possible for good self-defense of prepared, to sedation, should quickly left poles and wall, run to comparison open of area avoid.
Shop workers
Can hide in the car, under the device of machine tool and the higher, do not panic run, special posts workers to first close on flammable and explosive, poisonous gas valves, lower the temperature and pressure under high temperature and high pressure pipeline in a timely manner, close the running device. Most of the staff can be evacuated in the field, on the premise of security protection, small number of staff remain onsite at any time to monitor risk, deal with unexpected events that may occur in a timely manner to prevent secondary disasters occur.
Moving vehicles
(1) drivers should slow down as soon as possible, and gradually put on the brakes;
(2) passengers (special in train Shang) application hand firmly seize handles, and post or seat I,, and note prevent luggage from frame Shang fell injury people, surface towards road direction of people, to will arm by in Qian seating of upholstery Shang, nursing live facial, body tendencies channel, hands nursing live head; back towards road direction of people, to hands nursing live brain Department, and lift knee nursing abdominal, crunch body, for good defense posture.
Workers in the building
Earthquake occurs, first to keep a clear, calm mind, discriminating vibration status in a timely manner, do not panic, jumping, it is extremely important. Secondly, to avoid solid furniture the next, or corner, more can also be transferred to the load-bearing walls, span small kitchen, toilets to temporary shelters. Because these places combined with strong, especially pipe after treatment, have good support, large seismic coefficient. In short, when the earthquake according to the layout and interior of the building, judge, finding safe space and channels for avoiding, reducing casualties.
In store in case of earthquake
When an earthquake at the Department store, to remain calm. As people panic, the whereabouts of goods, may make the asylum channel blocking. At this time, hid next to the great post and great merchandise at close range (avoid display cabinet), or towards the accessible channel of escape, and then bent body squat, waiting for the earthquake to rest. In the above position, in principle, to the underlying transfer as well. But the staircase is often the weakest parts of the building seismic, therefore the right time to right out of danger. Attendants to organize the masses to the nearest escape, safe evacuation after earthquake.
Third, after earthquake self-help
Who is buried under the rubble when the earthquake, surrounded by darkness, only a very small space, you try not to panic, to calm and establish confidence in the survival of, I believe that someone will come and save you, to do everything possible to protect themselves.
After the earthquake, often there are many aftershocks occurred, continued deterioration of the situation may, in order to harm from new, will try to improve their environment. At this point, if beside the emergency package, will play a great role for you out of danger.
In this very adverse of environment Xia, first to protection respiratory smooth, moved beginning Department, and chest of debris, smell to gas, and gas Shi, with wet clothes, property cover shut up, and nasal; avoid body above does not strong of collapsed property and other easy caused fall of object; expanded and stability survival space, with bricks, and operation stick, support canyuanduanbi, case aftershocks occurs Hou, environment further deterioration.
Try to out of danger. If you cannot find a channel to the out of danger, to save strength, can be issued with rocks tap sound objects, outgoing call signals, do not cry, impatient and blind, which drains energy and physical strength, control their emotions or eye closure rest as possible, waiting for rescue workers arrived. If injured, bound up to ideas, to avoid bloodshed.
To sustain life. If more time buried under the rubble, relief workers not to, or did not hear the distress, we should find a way to sustain their lives, shock package must save water and food, try to look for food and drinking water, if necessary, can also play your own urine to quench their thirst.
Four, the maximum earthquakes what damage to the human body
Injuries overview
Brain injury is the highest mortality of earthquake casualty, early mortality of 30%. Maxillofacial injury will cause serious dysfunction features, may be due to blood clots and tissue displacement, resulting in suffocation. Limb injuries account for about every part of body injured 50
%, And is often accompanied by peripheral vascular and neural injury. Low incidence of abdominal injuries. Pelvic injury most of the urinary system injuries.Injury fractures accounted for in the first place, second place in the soft tissue injury, crush syndrome is third.
Spinal fractures accounted for fracture of one-fourth, 30% per cent of which may be complicated with paraplegia. Paraplegia in a considerable number are in handling increased. Dominated by closed fracture of limbs. Rib fracture breaking end of stab wound can cause pneumothorax or hemothorax.
Human muscle strong extrusion, or weight is over 6 hours, local muscle necrosis, releasing large amounts of protein decomposed substances enter blood circulation, resulting in shock and renal failure, this is the extrusion syndrome, mortality is extremely high. A little light can also affect the future of muscle function.
Shock and trauma infection is the leading cause of death. One of the causes of hunger and water shortages are earthquake death.
First aid first aid is important in
After the earthquake the first thing is to help themselves and each other, which could win precious time, General first aid rate of 40% per cent. Dug up in the ruins of the wounded first to determine if a head, fast, light, exposure head, clear dust exposed chest and abdomen, such as apnea, artificial respiration immediately. Cannot force a hard pull.
First aid principles
1, excluding apnea and airway obstruction.
2, dealing with traumatic shock.
3, processing of complete starvation.
4, trauma, bleeding and bandaged, fixed.
Five, the escape an earthquake ten rules
1. hiding in the table below sturdy furniture such as
Swing time is about 1 minute. This is the first thing should be taken into account is the personal safety of yourself and your family.
First, in the lower center of gravity, and strong solid under the table to avoid, and firmly hold the table leg. In the absence of available to hide the table, however, also use cushions protect the head.
2. shake immediately closed when the fire, immediately when a fire extinguishing
When the earthquake also cannot rely on fire to fire fighting situations. Therefore, each of us related to fire, fire-fighting efforts, is the possibility of earthquake disaster control in the smallest degree of important factors.
Have formed the habit from the usual habit of even small earthquakes turn off the fire.
In order not to make the fire lead to disaster, family since Needless to say, between neighbors help each other, its early fire fighting is extremely important.
When the earthquake off the opportunity to fire three times
First chance at the big shake before coming at a time when little wiggle
At the moment of perception of small shaking, immediately greeted each other: \"earthquake! Quick closing fire! \"Close is using heaters, gas furnace and so on.
A second chance in the shaking ceases when
To turn off the fire in case of large sloshing, placed in the gas furnace, heating furnace water bottle slipped down above, it is very dangerous.
After the shaking ceases once again shout: \"turn off the fire! Turn off the fire! \"And to close the fire.
Third chance after fire
Even fire situations occurred, in 1-2 minutes, can still fight. In order to be able to quickly fire, fire extinguishers, fire buckets are often placed in the nearer to places with fire place.
3. do not rush to outdoor run
After the earthquake, messed upand dropped out to run, broken glass, brick and tile on the roof to fall, billboards, hit in the body, is very dangerous. In addition, concrete precast wall, vending machines, also are in danger of collapsing, don\'t get close to these objects.
4. the door open to ensure that the export
Housing of reinforced concrete structure, dislocation due to the earthquake shook Windows and doors, can not open the door, once people were closed in case in the House. The door opens, ensure that the export.
Usual thought should be kept in the room in advance, how to escape, ready to ladders, ropes, and so on.
5. outdoor occasions, to protect the head and avoid dangerous areas
When the Earth violent shaking, instability of standing time, people will have lifted, seizing what psychological. Around most of the pillars, walls will be supported by the object. However, this looks pretty strong solid stuff, who are really dangerous.
In 1987 Japan when gongchengxian an underwater earthquake, due to the collapse of concrete precast wall, gate posts, caused many casualties. Be sure to keep away from the concrete precast wall, gate posts, and so avoid.
In the bustling street, floor area, the most dangerous was smashed Windows, billboards and other objects fall injuries. Note or handbag, protecting the head with your hands.
In addition, you should also note overturned wounding vending machine.
At the time of floor area, according to the situation, into the comparative safety of escape in buildings.
6. According to the directions of the staff in the Department stores, theatres of action
In department stores, underground street people more places, the most terrible confusion.
Please follow the directions of the shop staff, security personnel to operations.
As far as the earthquake, it is said that underground street is safer. Even if power failure occurs, emergency lights soon lit up, sedative action.
If fire occurs, immediately filled with smoke. To weaken the body postures of refuge, and do not smoke.
Ride on
ElevatorIn the event of earthquakes, fires, you cannot use the elevator. In case when you take the elevator earthquake, each floor button on the operating Panel all the press, once stopped, quickly leave the elevator, after you confirm the safety of refuge.
Elevator of high-rise buildings, as well as buildings recently, are fitted with a control device that is running. When the earthquake happened, the action automatically, stop at the nearest floor.
If it should be kept in the elevator, then please contact management room by elevator dedicated phone in, requests for assistance.
7. car pull over to the curb, control area prohibits driving
When an earthquake occurs, the car as if drag tires, unable to hold the steering wheel, it is difficult to drive. Sufficient attention must, avoid the crossroads car up against the roadside stop. In order not to hinder the evacuation and emergency vehicle access of asylum, to yield the middle of the road.
Most of the roads of the city center will be fully closed to traffic. Due regard to car radio broadcast, near the police, acting in accordance with his instructions.
When there is a necessary refuge, would not be involved in fire, please close the window, on the car keys in the car, do not lock the door, and working with local people to action.
8. be sure to note landslides, Cliff falling rocks or tsunami
In the hillsides, steep sloping site, there is the risk of landslides, Cliff falling rocks, should move quickly to secure refuge.
On the sea-shore, suffer a tsunami risk. Perceived earthquake or tsunami alerts issued, please note that information such as radio, television, quickly to a safe place of refuge.
9. the asylum when on foot, carrying goods should at minimum
The fire caused by the earthquake, combustion, crisis situations such as life, physical security, measures taken refuge. Refuge method, in principle in community disaster prevention organizations, neighborhoods, and other units, leaders and police led by way of taking refuge on foot, carrying goods should at the minimum. Must not be used in automobile, bicycle shelter.
For patients such as asylum, cooperation and mutual assistance of the local residents is indispensable. Starting from the usual, neighbourhood need asylum agreed in advance.
10. do not listen to rumors, not to act rashly
When an earthquake occurs, people psychologically prone shake. To prevent confusion, each based on correct information, calmly taking action, is extremely important.
From carrying on the radio, keep to the correct information. From Government, police, fire and other disasters directly from the information, must not believe in rumors that irresponsible, not to act rashly.
Six, earthquake survival
Earthquake causing disasters including the plague after the building collapsed, fire and earthquake, can be caused by a large number of casualties.
When an earthquake suddenly and to, if the magnitude is not high at the beginning, people should quickly left the complex, spread up to the open venues.
Too late to leave the building often was injured by collapsed houses buried or hit.
From in China Tangshan large earthquake of information see, some people is can in was buried of rubble in the survival down is because: 1. no was fatal of visceral injury; 2. try with looking for outlet moral found ventilation mouth, and found export, and quickly from nephew collapse of housing ruins; 3. in no heard mining sound and the page sound Shi, does not large call shouted or unnecessary to rolls toss, panic, and mess shouted mess called will accelerated metabolism, increased consumption oxygen volume, also will inhalation large dust and caused by asphyxia.
Thus, earthquakes, although humans cannot be completely avoided and control, but as long as they can to acquire first aid skills, will be able to minimize the disaster. There are several summary points:
1. to maintain calm.
In the earthquake, it was observed, many innocent people is not due to collapsed buildings and was injured by hit or crush to death, but because of a nervous breakdown, lost hope of survival, shouting, chaos called chaos, in extreme fear \"kill\" himself. This is because, called chaos called chaos would speed up metabolism, increased oxygen consumption, physical decline, tolerance reduces and yelling will inhale large amounts of dust, causing asphyxia unnecessary casualties. The correct attitude is bad in any environment, always keep calm analysis environment, to find a way out, waiting for rescue.
2. bleeding, fixed hit hurt and crush is a common injury in earthquake.
Open wounds, blood out hemostasis should first lift the affected limb, at the same time crying for help. Open fracture of, should not be live reset in order to prevent organizations from injured again, generally covering wounds with clean gauze, for simple fixed before running. Fractures in different parts, according to different requirement for fixed. And in the light of different injuries, injuries to classification, classification, sent to hospital for further treatment.
3. proper injury crush injury
, You should try to weight lifting as soon as possible, have extensive trauma, to keep the wound clean with a clean gauze bandage wounds, when the suspected infection in tetanus and should contact the hospital immediately, prompt diagnosis and treatment. On large areas of trauma and serious trauma, oral administration of sugar and salt to prevent shock.
4. Prevention of fire and earthquakes often cause a lot of \"disaster\", fire is a common one.
As soon as possible from the fire at the fire scene, took off his burning clothes, upon or cover with wet clothes, or horizontal roll, can also be thrown water directly poured fire. Do not beat the flames with both hands, or it will cause hands burned. Sterilized gauze or clean cloth bandage evacuation hospital for further treatment.
5. at the same time to prevent tetanus and gas gangrene
/P>As soon as possible and to bury the body, drinking diet health, prevent serious epidemic disease after the great flood.
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