Editor\'s Note: on April 25 is the 23rd \"national child immunization advocacy day\" on child vaccinations for parents at the beginning will be a lot of doubt; there are many noteworthy details, was ignored by the young parents. To this end, we interviewed the Chinese Center for disease control and prevention experts and experts in obstetrics, they have many questions for readers in an authoritative interpretation.
Question: under what circumstances, the child cannot play vaccines?
Eric Leung a: first, fever. Fever of infectious diseases may be threatened or performance, after the vaccination, fever symptoms will aggravate. At this point, well heat-sensitive disease-related, also is a normal reaction after vaccination, so it is best to suspend the vaccination.
Secondly, in addition to the acute infectious disease has an incubation period, the prodromal period, onset and recovery period, that is, within one month after the illness, which can carry out emergency vaccination against other vaccines are not recommended for vaccination. Vaccination during other infectious disease during the incubation, precursors, are likely to be induced or aggravated existing condition; vaccination may increase the severity of the onset period.
Third, children with allergies should not be vaccinated. It would be useful to detect allergens, such as vaccine the allergen-free, you can be vaccinated. Otherwise may cause varying degrees of, all kinds of different allergic reactions.
IV, in patients with severe, chronic disease. As compensation of active pulmonary tuberculosis, heart failure, acute and chronic kidney disease patients.
V, brain or nerve growth does not function properly or suffer from diseases such as epilepsy, hysteria, seizures, encephalitis sequela, or previous history of such people. Children cannot live vaccines carry the AIDS virus, easy induced illnesses.
VI, immune suppression. Both diseases and drugs that can cause a significant immune suppression, the innate immune system defects, leukemia, lymphoma, such as disease, nonspecific cachexia live polio vaccine.
Of course, these are principles, specific situations should be treated with specific, parents need to be appropriate, consulting medical staff. If a severe epidemic struck, these children the necessary timely vaccination vaccine to protect against disease incursions.
Problem two: why some vaccines on the arm, some oral?
Eric Leung a: immunological products different vaccination ways are different, this is mainly in order to better protect the immune response. Vaccination approaches are divided into the following:
Subcutaneous injection, usually in lateral deltoid muscle of the upper arm, such as measles, epidemic encephalitis, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccines;
Intradermal injection, upper arm under the deltoid muscle edge subcutaneous, such as BCG, etc;
Intramuscular injection, generally above the buttocks outside one-fourth of gluteus maximus muscle or lateral in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm, such as hepatitis b, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, DPT mixture;
Oral law, such as poliomyelitis (polio) vaccine.
By scratches on the skin, such as the anthrax vaccine.
Problem three: how to determine vaccination success?
Eric Leung a: first, in General, about 2 weeks after vaccination can produce specific immunity, a month is strongest. If vaccinated after 2 weeks the child is not suffering from the kind of infectious disease prevention, and is a popular seasons, indicating that vaccination works well.
Secondly, some will appear in the body and inoculation site after vaccination reaction, leaving permanent scars, such as BCG will stay small for a recessed to scar. If the reaction occurs, the vaccination is successful.
Finally, it can be determined by measuring the growth of antibodies in the blood, if antibodies at high concentrations, it shall be a vaccination success. However, this kind of check prices are more expensive, it is generally not recommended. But if parents suffering from any communicable disease such as hepatitis b, and so on, requires clear that children have been vaccinated successfully, with protection, you can detect antibodies in the blood to determine.
Question four: how long will it take after vaccination produces immunity?
Eric Leung a: after vaccination, the body needs some time to produce immunity, this induction period. The length of time and the way to the type, frequency of vaccination, inoculation of biological products and body related to the situation of children. In General, 3-4 weeks after initial inoculation to produce effective immune; about vaccinations again just 1 week. Therefore, certain obvious seasonal infectious disease prevention, preferably in the epidemic season began one month before vaccination; 3-4 weeks after vaccination immunity is not enough, parents do not take it lightly, still want to watch out for the child was infected.
Question five: pay attention to what before and after vaccination?
Eric Leung a: vaccinations before you change it for children take a bath, clean clothes, allergic to doctors describe the child\'s past medical history, history and current state of health.
After vaccination to doctors or nurses in clinic observation under the guardianship of 20 minutes, determined no adverse reaction to leave.
Home to observe the child\'s response, avoid strenuous exercise, eat hot and sour foods to stimulate strong. If when there is a slight fever, depression, and so on, are not too tight, children drink boiling water, take good care of you.
Local appear red, swollen, hot and if vaccination pain response, or the local lymph node enlargement, clean towels available hot compress.
Within 24 hours of inoculation, don\'t give your children a bath, so as not to harm, such as injection site infection.
After feeding the baby polio sugar pills, not breastfeeding within half an hour. Because there may have against polio virus antibodies in breast milk, easy to make sugar pills lose activity, not inducing an immune response.
Question six: injection through DPT vaccine, why children fever?
Eric Leung a: inoculation of DPT vaccine reactions came mainly from pertussis pathogen bacteria contained in body composition, systemic reaction is temperature rises. Number after injection
Hour body temperature will rise, 48 hour return to normal. Some children appear transient symptoms such as fatigue, headache, sleepiness, these are normal reactions, no special treatment, more than 1-2 days receded.
So far, acellular pertussis vaccine, higher purity in the hope of reducing such adverse reactions.
Issue VII: to egg-allergic children, why can\'t vaccine be careful?
Eric Leung a: first, the vaccines are Biologicals is the use of microbial toxins, micro-organisms or animals, people and animals made of blood and tissues, more for different kinds of protein, allergies people vaccinated have allergic reactions may occur. Therefore, for egg allergic children vaccinated, to look carefully to warn against allergic reaction.
Second, some vaccines are made of chicken embryo culture, such as influenza, measles vaccine, vaccination of children allergic to eggs not suitable for, easy to cause allergic reactions.
Question eight: too close to the two vaccines against vaccination?
Eric Leung a: in General, a need to more than 4 weeks after vaccination to produce antibodies, to avoid interference after another vaccine inoculation, inoculation time interval of two vaccines should not be too short, preferably in a month or more. If the child is sick to postpone the former vaccine doses, causing coincides with the next vaccine inoculation time, does not promote vaccination in reducing dose, for insurance purposes, may be deferred a vaccine inoculation time.
Issue nine: vaccine in preterm infants and term infants with a difference?
Eric Leung a: under the provisions of the World Health Organization, all children should be vaccinated on time, starting age, procedures for vaccination of premature infants, contraindications and dose are the same as term infants. But if the body weight below 2,500 grams, low resistance, were vulnerable to pathogen infection in the vaccine, to be safe, clinically is its weight increase of more than 2,500 g to start vaccination.
In addition, due to the high perinatal mortality in preterm infants, most doctors for insurance purposes, would defer some vaccines, vaccination to prevent coupling events.
