Premature skin needs more clean

Premature skin needs more clean

Interview in the many in preterm infants parents said most worry of is children yihou will has sequelae, on this, about medical expert said, if in preterm infants is because merged has heart, and chromosome, problem preterm of, has sequelae of chance is large, if not is basically no problem, and Yang Jie is said \"generally, in preterm infants of Constitution will than health of term infants difference some, therefore in preterm infants discharged Hou parents of early nursing very important. \"Yang Jie said that children stay in the hospital to 37 weeks after discharge, parents care to note that five aspects:

1. to clean the skin. Many parents there is a misunderstanding on the understanding, that premature physical weak, afraid of cold, would reduce the number of bathing him, \"in fact, in preterm infants with skin thin, more susceptible to bacterial infections, clean all the more important. \"She said, the Guangdong high temperatures, even in winter can also be approved to ensure the room temperature such as heating, no need to fear that the child will feel cold. In the process of cleaning with special attention to its fold parts, ass after you change the diaper at a time to cleaning with water and dry in a timely manner. Oral with cold water to clean up, to prevent mouth infections.

2. flush adjust breast milk to control the frequency and scale. Because of the premature infants typically into the ICU from the mother\'s long time, so are basically artificial feeding or mixed feeding after discharge, in the Hospital General Hospital for configuring milk in preterm infants. It is understood that at present in Europe, America and other developed countries, in preterm and low birth weight infants with prematurity cans of milk powder or designed for configuration of liquid milk in preterm infants, but at present, there is no such product on the market, in response, Yang Jie said that discharge can be at home with ordinary milk in preterm infants, parents must master the rushed transfer ratio. Bottle when the breast, nipple holes should not be too large, otherwise the milk flow too fast, causing qiangke, even suffocation. But the nipple holes should not be too small, so as to avoid sucking harder, causing fatigue. Poor sucking and swallowing ability of premature infants, you can use the eyedropper feed of rubber tube. After feeding milk, baby side so even spit up is not easy to qiangke, to avoid inhalation of vomitus trachea, causing aspiration pneumonia or suffocation.

Preterm infants with parents to follow doctors \' orders to periodically review

3. more touching and verbal communication, passed to children some love. It is reported that preterm infants to be in stable condition after begin massage therapy, massage after a certain time, can the baby milk intake of significantly increased head circumference, height, weight, blood protein increased markedly. \"Touch on preterm infants growth can bring many benefits, as one of the comprehensive intervention measures in the period in preterm infants. \"Introduction to Yang Jie, touch is a type of passive movement of skin contact can stimulate the tactile nerve, motor neuron development to the benefit of brain development. Touch in the process, enhance parent-child feelings, make children feel the love, stronger growth. \"But it should be noted that is, to ensure that the room temperature when touching the appropriate, General ~30 at 20 ℃ ℃, also, select the appropriate time, usually after the babies eat better 1-2 hours awake, not selected after you eat or hunger or when you want to sleep. ”

4. maintain ventilation environment at home, leave baby in less crowded environment, avoid cross infection. Yang Jie said parents delightedly take the baby home, big banquet, or accept visits of relatives and friends, these should be avoided at an early stage. Because the relatively weak resistance in preterm infants, is vulnerable to infection from the outside world, a careless and had to return to the hospital.

5. be sure to follow doctors \' orders and takes children review and earlier to teach on a regular basis. Review projects including growth and development of fundus examination, hearing screening, detection, and so on. Fundal examination of which has been detected to 4-6 months after birth, conditional to follow-up to the half-year old. It is reported that premature than normal term infants, poor retinal development, so parents should pay attention to their children retinal detection in preterm infants.

Forgotten in preterm infants respiratory stimulation

Apnea of prematurity in time \"stimulus\"

Mean gestational age less than 37 weeks in preterm infants (less than 260 days) with birth weight less than 2,500 grams, infants in 46 cm in length. According to the information displayed, preterm birth ratio of 6%~8% in China, newborns born 10.48 million a year in Guangdong Province. In the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Neonatology \"tenants\", accounted for a larger percentage of preterm or low birth weight infants. With the advent of another baby boom in China, huge base leading to premature birth and low birth weight infants increasing.

Premature of was born, makes in preterm infants deficiencies, body the organ development does not mature, Constitution weak, adaptation environment ability difference, therefore, fetal age more small more does not easy survival, \"carefully nursing on in preterm infants is important\", Yang Jie describes, some in preterm infants does not to 28 week on was born has, in hospital to stayed up to 8-9 week, General to to 37 week, weight reached 2.5 kg only can discharged. It is learnt that on nursing care of premature infants are mainly for complications, apart from normal newborn care, preterm infants respiratory, feeding, infection must have at least three passes.

First Commissioner of customs and customs is breathing. Central development of preterm infants respiratory immature, breathing is often irregular or even frequent syndrome or respiratory failure. In addition, the human environment for gas exchange with the outside world is the basic unit of alveolar, alveolar to keep it open without anti depression, that need to be known as alveolar surfactant participation of alveolar surfactant in premature infants less prone to alveolar anti depression, ventilation reduces, breathing difficulties and respiratory failure. Therefore should be in the hospital for treatment of premature infants, endotracheal intubation and injection of alveolar surfactant. \"Premature infants after discharge, parents should pay close attention to the child\'s breathing, as more prone to apnea in preterm infants, so once the premature infants \' forgotten \' breathe, parents to stimulate him in a timely manner, such as elastic-elastic-end of his feet, reminding him breathe. ”

Second is feeding off. After the General Commissioner of customs and third day after breathing in premature infants, is feeding off of the next. Gastrointestinal function in preterm infants is with the development and maturation of fetal age. Therefore, leave earlier the mother in preterm infants, the more immature gastrointestinal function, feeding on the more difficult. Introduction to Yang Jie, normal term infants generally used are milk, that is, according to the formula of proportional allocation of milk, feeding in preterm infants is usually started from diluted milk, increasing concentration, milk is gradually increasing, step by step, to fit their gastrointestinal tract is not mature.

The third Commissioner of customs and customs is infection. Bacterial infection in preterm and low birth weight infants is greater than the risk of full-term healthy newborn. Thin tender skin mucosa in newborns, a bacterial invasion pathways; umbilical for open wounds, bacteria breed and enter the bloodstream; some immunoglobulin can by the mother through the placenta into the fetus, but age-related, lower gestational age, lower the immune globulin and low immunoglobulin levels in premature infants, prone to various infectious diseases, or even sepsis.

Adulthood in preterm infants low fertility

Published on March 26 of the United States Medical Association Journal published a research article about how the baby was born that, compared with term infants, premature mortality, lower fertility after an adult.

Background information on the article shows that prematurity refers to babies born at 37 weeks after fertilization. In survival in infants born at 26 weeks, 60% disability occurs; in babies born at 31 weeks, 30% will be disabled. In addition, people on long-term risk of death in preterm infants and know very little of the overall health status.

Experts from the Duke University Medical Center of the study, aimed at determination of the long-term survival of premature infants, birth and preterm birth rate will have an impact on the next generation. Researchers on the 1967 ~1988 years from Norway over 1.16 million people\'s data was analysed, and continued to track to the end of 2002 as well as born on 1967 ~1976 years of educational attainment and fertility results were evaluated, which continued until the end of 2004. Respondents in preterm infants with 60,354, 5.2% per cent of the total number.

Researchers found that higher risk of premature death, 22-~27-week premature boy at the age of 1 year old ~5.9 mortality rate of 1.33%, 6 ~12.9 years of 1.01%, 5.3 times higher than term boy; 22 ~27 week-born girl, at the age of 1 year old ~5.9 mortality 1.71%, 9.7 times times greater than the term mortality of girls. Born in 28 weeks ~32 weeks than the term mortality of premature infants has increased more than twice.

Research personnel note to, preterm who adult Hou fertility also below foot produce who, 22 week ~27 week was born of male, and female, its absolute fertility respectively for 13.9% and 25%, which male fertility decline has 76%, and female is decline has 67%; 28 week ~32 week was born of male, and female, its absolute fertility respectively for 38.6% and 59.2%, which male fertility decline has 30%, female decline has 19%.

Comprehensive interpretation of preterm infants with special milk powder

Premature infant milk powder is a kind of special populations, appropriate to the special period milk powder (edible only 20-30 days). Obstetrics under the existing environmental conditions in the country, food special milk in preterm infants, or with special milk powder and the effect of breast feeding together are better than the simple effect of breastfeeding.

Premature infant milk powder into the domestic approximately has been 6-7 years of time, all foreign products now, but on a limited number. As demand for foods for special nutritional milk powder in preterm infants is very low, not as a normal baby milk entering the market at all levels, and product formulations special, high quality of raw material requirements, health indicators requires strict processing is difficult , but price should not be too high, before production must also be strict criteria and formula review, clinical feeding test of products out there to be, but at a cost of RMB needs to 701 million. At present, China has never developed, production of milk in preterm infants.

Need to contain fatty acids in milk in preterm infants, particularly DHA (22 carbon six acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid), these components help development in preterm infants.

Although premature newborns in the proportion of small, but it needs to put in more spirit to care, so milk in preterm infants should also have purchased at the market.

Milk in preterm infants to add fatty acids

United States pediatric experts recently uncovered if containing fatty acid in milk powder, particularly DHA (22 carbon six acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid) to help development in preterm infants.

United States the April issue of the journal of Pediatrics published a study comparing 361 milk feeding in premature infants and growth of 105 breastfeeding term infants. Study found that preterm infants who eat added fatty acid milk, growth is better than don\'t eat fatty acids in preterm infants. Due to

preterm birth time, researchers take the mother\'s last menstrual period more infants age approach. 118 weeks after the last menstruation, DHA from algae oil source formula feeding preterm infants, than ordinary milk or DHA from fish oil formula weight of premature infants grow fast, even soon catch up with the term infants. Researcher on infant motor coordination and neurological function when scoring, found that eating any way to add fatty acids (including DHA and ARA) milk infants children score higher than ordinary milk powder.

Anderson research under the auspices · Shi de doctor wrote in his report: \"clinical trials confirm that adding DHA and ARA in milk powder can promote the growth and development of premature infants. ”

\"Skin\" and promote premature infants mature

Let MOM and dad as \"Kangaroo\" held the baby to his chest, through a \"skin\" and premature infants in touch, making growth like term infants as early as possible in preterm infants. Reporters from the recently held \"touching Johnson baby health contest\" has learned, a specifically designed for healthcare professionals, parents of preterm infants \"Kangaroo\" care training will be held next year in the country, city of Shanghai will be the first training.

As modern female working pressure, in the side are not uncommon in preterm infants. According to statistics, currently in less than 32 weeks of pregnancy were born, preterm infants weighing less than 1500 grams, its incidence approximately 5% per cent of newborns.

International peace Hospital Director of Pediatrics, neonatology unit, Deputy Head of the Shanghai Branch of Chinese Medical Association Shen Yuehua think, preterm infants are not fully mature early, harmful environment vulnerable to external attacks, sometimes also need to accept multiple treatments. Many years of research and clinical practice shows that the system touch to the baby can promote the healthy growth of premature infants, enhance parent and baby love Exchange.

Relevant sources, early next year, \"Kangaroo\" care training will first of all, in all the major medical staff in maternity homes, attendants and nurses. At the same time, a special for the second trimester to the third trimester of maternal abdomen touching also will promote next year.

Retinopathy of prematurity-prone

Retinopathy of prematurity is an occurrence of retinal vascular disease in preterm infants with low birth weight, mainly due to retinal development at birth in preterm infants is still not perfect, in a variety of factors, formation of retinal neovascularization, such a proliferation of neovascularization in vitreous and retinal detachment due to traction retinal, if treatment is not prompt may be blind forever.

The disease according to the severity of retinopathy can be divided into five periods. The first, second, retinal compared with normal newborn retinal some exception, but this time has not yet noticeable neovascularization, you do not need treatment, the majority of neonatal illness will automatically recover, but to the hospital to check on a regular basis, because there are still some neonatal illness will continue to develop into the third period. Phase III began to emerge in patients of retinal neovascularization, you can approach to condensation or Retinal Photocoagulation in the treatment, most children with the condition can be controlled and improved. But if you do not receive treatment in neovascularization continued proliferation, traction retinal, makes partial retinal detachment occurs, and ultimately lead to retinal detachment, this is the fourth and fifth period of change. If a child of his eyes have a total retinal detachment occurs, there is little hope of cure.

Retinopathy of prematurity is a significant cause of visual impairment and blindness in infants. Where a full 28 weeks of gestation, but children are born at less than 37 completed weeks premature, typically 1000 grams in weight-2,499 grams at birth. With the improvement of medical treatment, survival rates improve in preterm infants, one is the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity in the ever-increasing number. 34 weeks \' gestation, birth weight less than 1500 grams, a history of oxygen after the birth of newborn, incidence of retinopathy is about 60%, shorter during pregnancy or birth weight lower, rates of up to 66% per cent.

Why prone retinopathy of premature infants? This is because normal retinal vascular in pregnancy 36 week-40 week within to reached retinal around Department, if in previously delivery, retinal vascular also is not long to around Department, around Department retinal is deficiency blood, and hypoxia State, to mitigation this deficiency blood hypoxia State, easy generated retinal freshmen vascular, but this freshmen of vascular easy proliferation and to vitreous within growth, led pull retinal caused retinal from, effect in preterm infants visual development, even led blind.

Currently agreed that gestational age and birth weight is an important influencing factors of retinopathy of prematurity, gestational age, and the smaller, lower birth weight, the higher incidence of retinopathy of prematurity, the more serious. Secondly, unreasonable, multiple pregnancy, pregnant women on oxygen in hypertension during pregnancy or taking certain drugs and fetal intrauterine infection, fetal distress, are likely to increase the risk of retinopathy of prematurity. Tackling retinopathy of prematurity, focus on early screening, early detection and early treatment. Not only does this need a doctor\'s diagnosis and treatment, also requires attention to and taking the children on a regular basis to check the eyes of parents, regular follow-up, timely intervention therapy on children\'s visual development is essential in the future.

Preterm infants need increased disease resistance

In preterm infants due to the development of body organs are not fully, even with sucking and swallowing defects, cannot own milk and water, and stomach capacity rarely, intestinal or digestive only a small amount of food. So often by gastric tube feeding in preterm infants, and could not feed too much at once.

Newly born premature, because there is no independent ability to regulate body temperature, if the indoor temperature is high, he (she) would be fever; if the indoor temperature is low, he (she) will decrease the temperature of.

Fast pulse speed, shallow breathing in premature infants.

Because preterm infants has not yet fully developed, so life is very weak, almost no resistance on disease. Therefore, prevention of infection is particularly important, especially for those infectious diseases such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tract infections, sepsis and meningitis, constitutes a threat to life in preterm infants.

Mineral nutrition and life needs, under blood tests every day strictly controlled. In most cases, to special protection for premature infants, need more careful care and nurturing.

Feeding in preterm infants and audio-visual stimulation

As medical technology advances, some during the fetal development of malnutrition, children of preterm birth, or low birth weight of newborns, to cross first \"Jian of life and death\", but later to face many more than the normal child development issues. Shanghai 2005 annual survey of persons with learning disabilities, grade a 4,095, one-fourth of many high risk births.

Preterm birth and low birth weight infants with congenital undernutrition

\"May this year, I gave birth to son Tiger Baby, due in 53 days before, is the 53-day my son was more than term infants 53 times times of pain. \" One for the\" Tiger treasures mother \"friends in the\" premature infant \"published the bitterness of parental experiences of premature babies, many parents threads response in preterm infants.

Due to the small Tiger baby is preterm infants, are relatively poor sucking ability and strength, eating milk fell asleep for 5 minutes at a time, so the first 2.5 months, Tiger baby nurse 24 hours a day, she and night to feed. Later, Tiger Baby Syndrome was identified brain trauma.

\"Premature infants (small for gestational age less than 37 weeks), low birth weight infants (birth weight less than 2,500 grams), is a high risk pregnancy, intrauterine infection, mother of hypoxia caused by such factors. \" Zheng Dasan affiliated hospital pediatric medical Xu Falin said, because there is no term had arrived at the world, its visceral organ does not mature, particularly hypoplasia of the nervous system, coupled with the birth hypoxia causes, it is easy to cause brain damage; in addition, because there is no term or underweight, energy, nutrition of the children of poor storage than normal children, if not properly feeding the day after tomorrow, is undoubtedly worse. \"So a premature and low birth weight infants in the family, should every half month ~1 months for physical growth and development of the nervous system of checking on a regular basis, so that early detection of p

roblems and timely intervention. \"Hoshina chief physician in the hospital An Jiye said.

Nutrition with two years to catch up with normal the day after tomorrow

\"My baby is preterm infants, old and recent stomach indigestion, stools are often green, still relatively rare, I have diluted milk, but this. ”

\"Premature and low birth weight infants, lack of digestive enzymes and bile, poor digestion and absorption power, tolerance of food poor, if not properly fed, are prone to problems. \" Xu Falin said that these children, breastfeeding more important than the average child, breastfeeding is best for digestion and absorption of natural food.

However, due to the poor sucking ability of premature infants, not swallowing, coupled with poor health was born, generally cannot be breast-fed immediately, mainly through intravenous drip, intake of sugars, fats, proteins, vitamins and other nutrients.

Baby hospital when breastfeeding. If after a small baby, no circumstances such as dyspepsia, qiangke, breastfeeding on demand, while according to birth weight and gestational age, supplemented by specialist should calculate the amount of calcium, iron, timely preparations supplementation.

\"Some premature, due to the poor little stomach capacity, receptivity, delayed gastric emptying, let his own milk, it is easy to eat too much and qiangke, dyspepsia. \" An Jiye said, give the children feed cannot supply on demand, preferably little eating meals; after each milk, gently beat their children back and took the air out of the stomach; flat child, will head up twenty or thirty degrees to prevent gastroesophageal reflux.

\"Child weight gain at least a day in 15~30 gram of preterm birth, it is a normal range, usually around 2, medically and normal children. \" Xu Falin said.

Red, music stimuli to help children improve the ability of audiovisual

Xu Falin said that preterm infants with gestational age small, if infection, hypoxia, and p

rone to retinal disease, General 4-6 week after birth to be a retinal screening, once exception, 2-3 months by laser treatment, mostly back to normal; born preterm infants to pregnancy at term (40 weeks or so), hearing screening remains to be done.

In addition to doing these checks, ahead of parents on kids for sight, hearing, motor capacity of stimulating training is necessary (as described in the following table). Active cooperation of parents, as soon as possible to give a wealth of good environmental stimulation and functional training, preterm infants it is entirely possible to keep up a normal physical development, intellectual development of children.

1 with colorful graphics, toys, especially red, can stimulate children\'s vision and teach children to recognize the size, shape, exercise your child\'s memory.

2 day kids 10-20 minutes of listening to soothing music, remember not too long, otherwise would result in auditory fatigue; sound cannot be too large, can cause hearing damage.

3 talk to parents and children, exchange of emotions, and the promotion of child language development.

4 in a warm room, stand up for kids, active limb movement training.

Shape features of premature infants

According to the immature level in preterm infants, generally has the following shape features:

General body length only 47 cm in preterm infants, imbalance in the body, head body small, a ratio of 1:3. In preterm infants with poor skin elasticity, covered with wrinkles, some red color, body almost no fat, be lanugo covers the whole body.

Almost all the time is spent in sleep in preterm infants, not crying aloud, and no ability to suck milk.

Emaciation in preterm infants, into a bag of bones, especially the ribs and hips, limbs are as thin as a small stick. Uneven breath, movement always surprised a catch. Because the cartilage dysplasia and ear is very soft, thin nails on toes sometimes include finger, not long to the fingertips. No eyebrows and Plantar skin fold weak. Skull also shows the incomplete state of premature infants. More large anterior fontanel in preterm infants.

Labia is not of female babies in preterm infants is covered in large labia, labium major uplift forward only; men and baby\'s scrotum is very small, and free of wrinkles, scrotum testes have not fallen, but remain in the abdomen or in the inguinal Canal.

Breastfeeding premature extra nutrients

Refers to giving birth less than 37 weeks of pregnancy of neonatal in premature infants. Breast milk contains easy digestion and absorption of proteins, fat, lactose, there is the right amount of trace elements, vitamins, enzymes and immune factors and so on, is the best food in preterm infants. But because of the physiological characteristics of premature infants, some trace elements in breast milk (such as iron, zinc) and vitamins (d, c, b, and so on) supply cannot guarantee that their needs, and these nutrients are necessary in order to ensure the intellectual growth of premature infants , such as do not add these nutrients in a timely manner will result in lack of nutrients, which is not conducive to intellectual development of premature infants.

Calcium, iron, zinc, etc occurs in preterm infants low values due to late pregnancy is fetal complete trace elements necessary for normal body reserves reach\'s important stages, premature birth, fetal incapable late in pregnancy in premature infants received adequate reserves in the body from the matrix , thus easy to lack. Such as:

① pregnancy late calcium phosphorus accumulation volume accounted for its total accumulation volume of 80%, and in preterm infants breast in the calcium phosphorus content less, even is enough breast feeding, calcium of uptake volume also just fetal late of 1/3~1/2 , coupled with Cholic acid secretion insufficient, fat dissolved sexual vitamin d of absorption partial low, therefore fetal age more small of in preterm infants more easy occurs deficiency calcium, and in preterm infants growth speed fast Yu term infants, so easy occurs deficiency calcium sexual rickets.

② iron absorption usually happen again in the near term, insufficient reserves of iron in preterm infants.

③ last 3 months of intrauterine fetal zinc storage capacity of 250 μ g/kg · d, born of blood zinc high, so the term infants with rare zinc deficiency, due to low gestational age in preterm infants

, less storage of zinc, combined with the content of zinc in human breast milk cannot be required to meet growth in preterm infants, therefore zinc deficiency.

In breast milk of vitamins e, c, b and folic acid content is not enough and fast growth in preterm infants, relatively large demand for these vitamins. Breastfeeding does not completely meet the requirements of preterm infants for certain trace elements, vitamins, need appropriate to add.

Particularity breastfeeding in premature infants

Refers to pregnancy in premature infants less than 37 weeks of neonatal, due to various physiological function in preterm infants may not sound, has its special feeding in preterm infants. Premature infants may be due to the merging of some serious diseases, or hospitalization due to underweight. Separation of hospitalized children and mothers, will affect breastfeeding as normal. As separated from the mother, child and mother is very good contacts, not sucking, breast milk secretion of affected; also because the separation of mother and child, mother\'s mood has been a greater impact, which will affect the mother\'s breast milk secretion. How to stick to breastfeeding in premature infants?

First, the mother must have confidence, belief in his own breast milk is best for feeding the child, to find a way to let your child eat breast milk, or find a way to let your child eat breast milk after discharge. Second, and premature contacts as possible, such as child hospital room of mother and infant in the hospital ward, MOM must accompany children lived in a room of mother and infant wards. Third, not sucking or sucking of a weak child, mother to milk on time (squeeze once at least every three hours), and then out of milk to feed the baby.

For preterm infants with sucking ability, you can directly, as soon as possible to let the child sucking mother\'s nipple. When breastfeeding should pay attention to proper breast feeding posture, helps children with suck most of the nipple and areola, so as to effectively stimulate lactation reflex, enabling children to eat more easily to breast milk.

For preterm infants with poor sucking ability should be out to milk to feed the children. Eyedropper or small spoon feed available to children. The burette should be attached to a special medical instrument sector to buy. TSP should use porcelain spoon or blunt the edge stainless steel spoons as well. Whether use the eyedropper or porcelain spoon and stainless steel spoon fro

m premature infants to breast milk slowly fed into her mouth, inhalation must not be too hasty to make breast milk the baby\'s trachea.

Sucking in preterm infants is often insufficient, intake of not too many at a time, so to give feeding in preterm infants, 12 milk feeding in premature infants should be a day or so.

If hospitalized children cannot eat mother\'s milk, milking mother will insist, let your child can eat breast milk after discharge. This is very important for premature infants, because of physical development in preterm infants have a term of no child left behind, you need to have a catch up with the process, breastfeeding is a powerful guarantee of the process. If we stick to breastfeeding of preterm infants following hospital discharge, breastfeeding will be successful.

Nursing care of premature infants after discharge

After discharge, how to properly care for preterm babies at home?

1. due to insufficient child sucking your strength, patience should be fed normally discharged early, a feed is 30-40 minutes.

2. baby you just discharged home, in the first two or three days, the volume of each meal fed to maintain the hospital does not have to increase the amount of the original, to adapt to the home environment and then gradually increase volume, because changes in the environment impact on children is quite large, especially gastrointestinal function.

3. meals-less and intermittent (each taking one minute bottle out the mouth, let baby Shun Shun breathing for about ten seconds, and then continue to feed) way of feeding may reduce the occurrence of spit up and breathing on the oppression.

4. can be fed powdered milk in preterm infants, to promote digestion and increases nutrient uptake. 5. preterm infants and change is also very sensitive to temperature, so pay attention to maintain body temperature and qualitative temperature scale so as not to cause disease.

6. back to the hospital for follow-up examination and treatment on a regular basis: such as audio and video, jaundice, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal digestion, and to accept vaccination.

7. to maintain close contact with the newborn doctor for consultation at any time. 8. skilled child care First aid, such as milk, seizures, colour of cyanosis, for a rainy day.

Other considerations must

1. while playing in preterm infants, slower movement, light, do not often use new toys, new faces around him. Not too much stimulation in preterm infants.

2. pay attention to the response in preterm infants, such as his head turned, or are no longer watching you, says he has \"enough\", in which case, you should stop playing with him.

3. indoor temperature, adjust the temperature of the body mechanisms is not yet perfect because preterm infants, does not have a layer of subcutaneous fat for his warm, lost heat quickly, so insulation is very important.

4. the night is dark and quiet, may not be used in preterm infants, bright night light and play nursery music, to help adapt in preterm infants.

5. like to be a baby wrapped up in premature infants, must note when material soft and bland, the head must not be wrapped.

6. premature due to the development of respiratory system is not perfect, is sensitive to air pollutants, so baby room must clean air, non-smoking.

7. baby bedding and baby room furniture color should not be too fresh, bright, so as to avoid excessive stimulation in preterm infants.

8. If preterm infants to suck, let him sucking nipple, which can assist him in developing oral activity skills, but also gave him a certain amount of sense.

9. the most important point is: you want to watch your child\'s special needs. General laws are not necessarily fully suited to his needs. You have to \"listen to his command\", don\'t impose on him.

A compulsory subject of the parents of premature infants in the family: developmental assessment

Doctor advised parents of premature infants, from child birth began observing, understanding actions, intellectual development of premature infants in order to seek medical advice when a problem arises, make timely remedy will harm to the light.

However, parents must bear in mind is that the mental development of premature infants, must be to correct age to assess (correction after birth age = age-(40-birth weeks gestation)/4). For example: weeks \' gestation only 32 weeks of the baby, is now 3 months of birth, his correct age =3-(40-32)/4=1 a month. When the child\'s height, weight and head circumference can be compared with the normal infant growth curves in January of age in the table. Correction of age used to children under 24 months (2 years).

Development of premature babies, such as the following:

Correction of 4 months old: head can be fixed.

Correction of age 6 months old: can turn over.

Correction 9 months old: will stand. Are premature babies born before 37 weeks of gestation. Premature infants \' growth is not yet ripe, weight below 2,500 grams, even if the weight of more than 2,500 grams, organs, organizations and development than term infants as mature.

Standards of nutrition and feeding in preterm infants

Where the newborn small for gestational age less than 37 weeks (less than 259 days), regardless of their birth weight and size, are called in preterm infants (or immature infants).

Nutrition and feeding in preterm infants: now more attention from all circles, generally advocated the early feeding, so that their physiological weight loss time or degree reduced, reduced rates of hypoglycemia occur, relative reduction of blood bilirubin concentration. 6-12 hours of general health began to feed sugar water, 24-hour start breastfeeding, body weight too low or poor in General, such as have been producing cyanosis, dyspnea, or surgery, may be appropriate to postpone the feeding, intravenous fluid replacement.

Their feeding method: varies on its maturation in preterm infants, birth weight heavier, sucking reflex good, direct nursing, instead use the eyedropper or gastric tube feeding.

Intake in preterm infants with birth weight and maturity, and may refer to the intake calculation formula in preterm infants.

Daily feeding in preterm infants within 10 days of birth weight (ML) = (birth all of +10 the number of days) x weight (g/100)

After 10 days of daily feeding amount (ML) =1/5-1/4 weight (grams)

Intake is above the maximum intake, such as preterm infants cannot be finished, the rest can be supplemented by vein, to ensure the supply of protein and calorie and water.

Feed every: according to the milk and weight arrangement, generally weighing 1000 grams, feed once an hour; 1001~1500 g, once every 1.5 hours fed; 1501~2000 g, once in every 2 hours fed; 2001~2500 g, once in every 3 hours, or the case treated separately.

Problems of nutritional needs of premature infants, is a continuing study of the problem:

Generally considered premature to thermal requirements higher than mature infants, per kilogram of body weight required calorie 110~150 kcal per day. Quiet metabolic rates in preterm infants, means a power larger than mature lungs breathing, but absorbing capacity less than mature, so the supply of heat energy is slightly slower start. Where appropriate, to gradually increase.

Protein: in mature infants from breast milk intake per cent of the total calories of protein 6~7%, 10.2% per cent of the total calories of protein intake in preterm infants, a higher than normal.

Amino acids: essential amino acids for 9 in normal infants, premature for 11, due to lack of Invertase in preterm infants, you cannot transform methionine into cysteine, conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, cysteine, tyrosine becomes essential amino acids must be from food intake.

Inorganic salts: preterm than mature infants need more, because the last stage of the fetus are inorganic salts increase in stages, such as calcium, phosphorus and iron are increased, of less than month, preterm infants will lack of inorganic salts in the body.

Vitamins: vitamin e deficiency in premature infants, susceptible to hemolytic anemia, premature on the rate of absorption of fat than mature infants, and may lack of fat soluble vitamins and other nutrients. Premature infants formula food is breastfeeding good, to be studied. In general nutrition in preterm infants should vary. Different circumstances, individual differences, nutrition should be combined with individual and detailed consideration.

Emollient oils reduce premature death

United Kingdom latest issue of the children\'s magazine published a research report that, in preterm infants in the hospital for skin smear on sunflower oil or emollient oils can reduce mortality.

Engaged in the study of the United States John · of Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of public health, jiali·damushitaite said, is the effect of these oil can improve the skin\'s barrier function, thereby protecting cells, reducing water and heat loss.

Researchers at a hospital in Bangladesh to 497 in less than 33 weeks during pregnancy of preterm neonates was made. Apart from daily care, 159 newborns receive the sunflower oil therapy, 157 accepted emollient oil therapy, another 181 newborn as a control group. Two groups before birth in preterm infants within 72 hours after it began to accept General smudge of sunflower oil or emollient oils (except for the face and scalp), 3 times a day for the first two weeks, twice a day until after hospital discharge.

Researchers said that when at the end of the first month, control group have a survival rate of 29.4%, a set of survival with sunflower oil for 34.2%, use emollient oil set to 45.8%. The study also found, the smudge of sunflower oil and emollient oil two sets of cases of sepsis and infection of the skin appears less. Darmstadter said: \"perhaps emollient oils not only acts on the skin, thanks to its skin absorption into the blood system, could have an effect on the body and may even affect the gastrointestinal \' barrier function. In addition, I think that smudge emollient oils on the skin during the massage effect is also very important. ”

Premature infants after discharge from hospital attention

Considerations for premature infants after discharge
Premature infants after discharge from hospital, MOM and dad don\'t think the baby is safe, more careful cultivation also behind it. Because of the premature infants low immunity, resistance is weak, so first note is not on infectious disease in preterm infants. To this end, in addition to the special care baby people, others don\'t close the baby, while also not feeding small dogs and cats at home, because cats and dogs often carry germs. In addition, the clean indoor air, normally open Windows for ventilation, but note that warm and do not make the wind blow directly to baby body.

Mothers in breastfeeding for the baby while working, clean the body and diaper care, to agile, gently as possible, for example, diaper, you cannot treat health as holding the feet up and gently lift the hips and the back up of preterm infants, diapers or oppression of the body, to prepare some narrow diapers are good.

Are vomiting frequently in preterm infants. Cyanosis-prone in preterm infants, called cyanosis, is local or systemic oxygen in his blood, symptoms of skin and mucous membrane becomes cyan. This is a dangerous signal in preterm infants, MOM and dad to take special care, such as this, to the hospital in a timely manner, do not delay.

Due to the premature infant body condition is weak and do not make consumption manual in preterm infants, do not increase the burden in preterm infants with heart, so insulation and quiet in preterm infants is all the more important. In addition, MOM and dad always has a person stay in preterm infants are able to see the places to look after the baby, in case of an emergency.

In short, the father and mother as long as the well-tended beloved baby, and soon, your baby will be healthy.

Best breastfeeding in premature infants

Breast milk is the best nutrition of babies, for premature infants, and even more so. Despite the early termination of pregnancy, but no shortage of nutritional components in mother milk. Breastfeeding preterm infants can strengthen resistance in preterm infants, to body organs mature as soon as possible in preterm infants.

Due to the poor sucking ability of premature infants, so when the baby to directly suck when my mother\'s nipples, mother\'s expectations will not be too high, don\'t expect a baby can now suck your nipple, the baby may need time and patience to adapt to the mother\'s nipple. At this time, mother to avoid bottle to feed the baby, for frail babies very easily refused to accept the bottle nipple sucking MOM.

Mental comfort on the development of preterm infants with very favourable

Special guardianship of the premature infants are born, even out of the hospital to patient and painstaking, long-term care, by contrast with normal fetal compared to bother.

Many young MOM and dad, at the time of raising in preterm infants. Often focusing only on the baby\'s development, and neglect the spirit communication with baby. In fact, as long as not particularly Dysplasia in premature infants, or brain defects, he (she) is still tangible. Turns out, who can often be father and mother touch and slow words softly soothe preterm infants, development is better than not received spiritual comfort in preterm infants. Comfort on mental development in preterm infants, is conducive not only to physical development of premature infants, and deepen the feelings between father and mother and baby.

Premature infants touching Essentials

\"Baby touching\" source

In 1995, Johnson took the lead in \"baby touch\" into China, of Chinese Nursing Association and many authorities pay close attention. To date, baby massage has been widespread in the country. Health care professionals trained touching more than 20,000 employees, more than 3 million newborns have benefited the project.

Since 1960, about infant touch most of the studies have focused on the premature infants. Now, the infant touch are equally suitable for healthy term infants.

Existing studies have found that after touching of body height and body weight of premature infants is significantly higher than average. Touch to make growth hormone release in the body increase, promoting the release of gastrointestinal hormones, even if the same calorie intake, accept touch in preterm infants will add more weight and length.

Because of the brain at birth in preterm infants is not yet mature, so early after birth still in the rapid growth period of the nervous system. During this period on infant touch it conducive to the development of the central nervous system and sensory sensitivity enhancement.

In children with infantile touching and

Some life born facing disease problems. Through the system, pediatric experts found that baby touching infant stage of disease treatment can help.

Study massage therapy could help babies sleep more easily, improve sleep quality, and awake a long time in a State of agile.

Lack of understanding and compliance in children with asthma, so relax treatment efficacy is limited. After 20 minutes a day touch therapy in children with asthma found that lung function in children with greatly increased, start reducing anxiety.

Although treatment with insulin, food control and exercise can help control blood glucose levels in children with diabetes, but there are 30% children do not fully comply with diet and exercise therapy. Received massage treatment on insulin medication and diet therapy in children with improved levels of compliance, at the same time and parents of children with anxiety also decreased.

Clinical trials confirmed that 20 minutes a day touch along with dermatologist treatments, skin disease-related symptoms in children such as peeling, itching and so on are different degrees of improvement activity in children with increased.

Touch points

As a health measure, infant touch scientific and feasibility. Touching is not a mechanical operation, but the emotional exchange between parents and loving, smiling and baby talk, to do it in accordance with the practices, actions to moderate, if when there is skin reddening or sudden crying babies, then the force was excessive.

Touch time best choice before and after the bath, NAP and night before going to bed; two eating: no fatigue, no hunger, no irritability in children or the children awake. Parents can take advantage of any free, do touch anytime, anywhere, for example when breastfeeding, pinch twist heart baby hand and foot. Careful not to have been healthy baby hat, gloves and wear socks, let him (her) hand contact with sufficient leeway and parents. Infant touch simple and easy to learn and, if necessary, parents can go to the hospital to receive training.

Survival of premature infants 3 challenge

Small for gestational age in born before 37 completed weeks of live-born child, called a preterm or premature infants. Most of its birth weight below 2,500g, head 33cm. Few really quiet and more than 2,500g weight in preterm infants, organ function, and adaptability is worse than the term infants are still premature infants should be given special care.

1, the substantial survival challenges

Challenge 1: low weight, poor function.

Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation is known as premature; birth weight less than 1000th with gestational age average weight of term or preterm infants, known as small for gestational age infants, also known as intrauterine growth retardation infants; they are not only weight is significantly less than the full term neonates, body organ function are worse than the normal newborn, unable to smoothly adapt to the external environment.

Even some babies to drink milk, also fatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Medicine to prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation infants and people with diseases of neonates are collectively referred to as a particular baby. In the just-born within a few days, these weak babies, especially suffering from disease of newborns need through the infusion of supplementary nutrition, life-sustaining, gradual transition to normal infants.

Challenge 2: the need for \"catch-up growth\".

Study finds that special baby born through early catch-up growth, to catch up with the other levels of development of the same age. And this \"catch-up growth\" is the best period in the first year after birth, especially the first half. Once this period best missed, is difficult to catch-up growth target. For special infants, faced with low weight, poor function and \"catch-up growth\" exception conspicuous contradiction between.

2, through the best choice

Today, most of us have learned breastfeeding is best food for newborns. But for special infants, breastfeeding alone has shortcomings. On one hand, simply breastfeeding not provided can satisfy \"catch-up growth\" development needs plenty of nutrients on the other, and full-term neonates with different, they do not have the ability to adjust the intake on their own to compensate nutritional deficiencies. To this end, the currently recommended for special babies use breast-Enhancer. Specific methods are as follows:

(1) for special without a breastfeeding baby, can give a special formula.

(2) at the time of breastfeeding, mothers can take breast enhancer, to meet the special needs of the infant. However these methods in hospitals, doctors adjusted according to the growth of a baby at any time.

3, with ordinary milk products are dangerous

Many parents in infants following hospital discharge with ordinary milk fed special baby, this is dangerous. In order to meet the \"catch-up growth\", special baby the nutrients you want more, more strict with milk. Special formula is more suitable for their growth and development needs, and can effectively prevent the occurrence of special infant nutritional deficiency and metabolic bone diseases. Survey shows abroad, with special special infant formula feeding 18 months, average weight, head circumference growth per week, significantly higher than the control group\'s special baby. When the two sets of children to grow up to seven or eight years old, intelligence test scores show that exclusive formula feeding children scored higher than the control group of children, especially boys gap is even more apparent.

Finally, it should be noted that, despite the special formula nutrient rich, more conducive to the growth and development of infants with special, but not a diet, more normal term infants should not be allowed to use. When special infant growth index caught the same age when babies, breastfeeding should promptly switched to normal formula or simple.

Preterm infants need special care

Where a low birth weight infants should be separate from the normal newborns, if available, can be admitted to neonatal intensive care unit for monitoring treatment.

Yi 24~28℃ at room temperature and warm preterm infants, relative humidity is around 60%. Require the temperature to remain 36.5~37 ℃ (anus temperature), where a low birth weight 2000g, should be placed in the incubator to keep warm. If there are no incubator, available hot water bags, saline bottles, bricks, and so warm. Incubator will power on before use preheating, general power on for about 2 hours to make the box temperature stable, to be box temperature stability in order to put the newborn in. Oven temperature based on birth weight, body temperature, strength and life force to adjust the number of days of birth. All care should be implemented within the incubator, temperature once every 4-6 hours, and the box temperature and humidity. When a weight increase to more than 2000g, temperature stability, and when the fed and generally good, should be considered out of the incubator, but should closely watch, pay attention to temperature, weight gain and sucking nursing in General.

Second, the supply of oxygen in preterm infants with breathing irregular, small yanger multi-a history of intrauterine asphyxia, so maintaining airway patency after birth and given oxygen inhalation is an important treatment. Oxygen supply to lift bruising, without long-term oxygen, it is best to not more than 3 days. Oxygen concentration control in 30~40%, to maintain the arterial oxygen partial pressure in 50~80mmHg (6.7~10.6kPa). When breastfeeding cyanosis of preterm infants in oxygen for a few minutes before feeding. In preterm infants to 1000G, oxygen concentrations as high as 50~60%, after easily lead crystal fibrous hyperplasia and chronic bronchial and lung dysplasia; if too much oxygen, can accelerate the red blood cell destruction, increase the jaundice and anemia, should be noted.

Third, feeding to

prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemia is now advocate early feeding, 4 hours of general health began to feed sugar water, according to the sucking ability, available from 6-8 hours after beginning breastfeeding; infirm to glucose intravenous drip 10% liquid. Breast milk is the most ideal dairy low birth weight infants, if sucking good, can breastfeed or bottle feeding; good if poor sucking and swallowing, use eyedropper or small spoon feeding; if both sucking and swallowing difficulties, available made of soft silicone insert gastric tube or jejunal feeding, according to the individual circumstances of each feed once for 11 hours. Breastfeeding without hard and fast calculation into the milk, breastfeeding children be quiet to sleep at a time, weight gain satisfaction.

If there are no milk, available or 1:1 (milk and water ratio) concentration of milk feeding, milk per day into larger individual differences should not insist on all, but weight gain satisfaction as a criterion. Rough estimates 40ml/kg weight milk intake below the 2nd day, 3rd day 80ml/kg, 4th 120ml/kg, 5th day of 150ml/kg, later increments every day 10ml/kg, about 200ml per kg per day until the 10th days, equivalent to the weight of 1/5~1/4.

Four, vitamin intramuscular injection of Vitamin K1 on the first day after birth, 1~3mg every day, for 3 consecutive days, to prevent hemorrhage syndrome, daily vitamin C50~100mg after oral administration. Starting from the 2nd week of daily vitamin D400~600IU. In order to prevent hemolytic anemia caused by vitamin e deficiency in premature infants, are available from the second day after intramuscular injection of vitamin E50mg, or 10 days after birth plus vitamin E10~20mg/d; of the very low birth weight infants, increasing the dose of oral 20~30mg/kg/d, 2-3 months of continuous service.

Five, correcting hypoglycemia and acidosis suspected hypoglycemia, early 25% 2~4ml/kg rapid intravenous glucose liquid, later with 10% glucose intravenous

infusion of liquid to 10mg/kg even at a rate of per minute, blood sugar stability after last for 24 hours, later changed to oral. Wakao still have 4 hours after acidosis, 5% intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate glucose liquid equivalent diluted 5ml/kg and 10%.

Six room, preventing infection in preterm infants and bed frame, and so should be used by attention to disinfection and cleaning. Medical personnel must strictly follow aseptic systems, where the risk of feeling, skin infections, diarrhea or carriers, must be temporarily removed from the room. If suspicious patients with infectious diseases, early isolation, to prevent cross-infection. Does not generally advocated as a means of preventing infection with antibiotics.

\"Problem mother\" to remove the premature infants

\"Women give birth preterm infants of smoking and drinking opportunities than others. In recent years, this phenomenon has been noticeably increasing trend. \"A few days ago, reporters in Guangzhou City, Guangzhou children\'s Hospital and maternity hospitals organized jointly on the 2008 annual meeting of the women and children in South China medical technologies understands that currently, Guangzhou children\'s Hospital admitted every year nearly 200 cases of premature infants, many of the baby\'s mother prenatal has bad habits such as smoking, drinking, or infections of gynecological diseases because of dirty sex.

According to the introduction of Guangzhou children\'s Hospital neonatal Pediatric physician Lai Jianpu, pregnant women who smoke, drink, and rest are not law, and other bad habits may result in the baby is preterm, congenital infection, respiratory distress syndrome and other diseases. More seriously, also, defects can cause asphyxia, stillbirth, neonatal death, and so on. Studies have confirmed that the female pregnancy smoking or passive smoking, will increase preterm birth and low birth weight, early water break, risks of premature separation of placenta and placenta previa, women gave birth to babies of smoking into increase in intensive care and death do not smoke in the proportion of women more than twice times.

In this regard, experts recommend women smoking, drinking should be in the first three months of pregnancy to kick those bad habits, and live the law of time. In addition, planned pregnancy had better go to the hospital before doing a comprehensive check and aristogenesis consultation.

Codes of care of premature infants

Are premature babies born before 37 weeks of gestation. Premature infants \' growth is not yet ripe, weight below 2,500 grams, even if the weight of more than 2,500 grams, organs, organizations and development than term infants as mature.

Preterm baby \"immature\" and \"consequences\"

Pointed out that, generally, each organ development of premature baby premature, especially the brain, lungs, kidneys and large intestine small intestine sth

The brain is immature: causing brain development slower, and thus his low IQ, poor social skills. Because the brain is immature, may also cause cerebral palsy (Cerebral Palsy), affecting IQ.

Intestinal immaturity: If the development of immature, vulnerable to bacterial infection. Growth of intestinal bacteria can cause intestinal rupture, bacteria will then ran into another part of the baby, which may result in babies die.

Lungs: easy infection and lung-related diseases, some even life can not get rid of diseases. In addition, his breathing problems can also occur, as in infancy will suddenly stop breathing.

Eyes: eye mask problems, forming cataracts.

Skin: irritation, ulceration, fewer problems.

Doctors added that: \"However, this still has to depend on how early date of the birth of premature babies. If the baby is in the 26th week on quack floor, he has a very high chance of the above problems.

If is the baby was born in zhouzhi, 28th, 33rd week, fewer opportunities are the problem occurs. Then, if the baby was not born on or after the 34th week, be fewer problems, because of his physical development is near term infants with maturity of the baby. ”

Preterm baby \"catch up\" term infants

Therefore, preterm babies at the age of 0-1 the need to strengthen nutrition, active disease, careful and patient care are as follows:

1) insulation. At 24 ℃ at room temperature ~26 ℃, humidity in 55%~65%, indoor and drop a evaporation of water, air clean and fresh.

Soft and warm, light clothing is required, in a small package on both sides was outside hot water bag, move on check to avoid unnecessary and premature infants. Temperature once every 4-6 hours, keep body temperature constant in ~37 36 ℃ ℃. When preterm infants have respiratory difficulties given oxygen after cyanosis or milk. In addition, make even in a position of decubitus in preterm infants without pillows.

2) various vitamin supplement. Because in preterm infants growth fast, and reserves insufficient, vitamin-a, and b, and c, and e, and k, and calcium, and magnesium, and zinc, and copper, and iron, also are should respectively in health Hou a week to two week began supplementary , best has breast, early milk in the various human required of element, protein, and fatty acid, and antibody of content are high, just for fast growth of in preterm infants by required. If insufficient breast, milk in preterm infants is used.

3) prevent infection. Premature Babies avoid or do not allow people without fixed duties during the period. Contact person before in preterm infants (mother and health care personnel) shall wash wash% 3C% 3E hands. Contact child, an adult\'s hand should be warm, do not randomly kissing, touch. In preterm infants with supplies to disinfection, to clean, clean desktop beds. Mother or accompanying a cold wearing a mask, be sure to wash such as diarrhea, or swap nursing personnel.

Also, if the license, when parents in premature infants less than one year old, preferably on a monthly basis to pediatric health clinic at the hospital to check once, after the age of two to three months to check to get Pediatrics medical supervision.